Introduction To Matlab

Introduction to MATLAB
Preetham Shankpal Asst. Professor, M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies Email: preetham@msrsas.org
M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies
Introduction
What is Matlab? MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and programming language (initially written in C). MATLAB allows easy matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other languages.
Powerful, extensible, highly integrated computation, programming, visualization, and simulation package
Widely used in engineering, mathematics, and science

It has packages with specialized functions
MATLAB Toolboxes
HELP WINDOW - DEMOS
Signal & Image Processing Signal Processing Image Processing Communications Frequency Domain System Identification Higher-Order Spectral Analysis System Identification Wavelet Filter Design Control Design Control System Fuzzy Logic Robust Control -Analysis and Synthesis Model Predictive Control
Math and Analysis Optimization Requirements Management Interface Statistics Neural Network Symbolic/Extended Math Partial Differential Equations PLS Toolbox Mapping Spline Data Acquisition and Import Data Acquisition Instrument Control Excel Link Portable Graph Object
Toolboxes, Software, & Links
MATLAB System
Language: arrays and matrices, control flow, I/O, data structures, user-defined functions and scripts Working Environment: editing, variable management, importing and exporting data, debugging, profiling Graphics system: 2D and 3D data visualization, animation and custom GUI development Mathematical Functions: basic (sum, sin,) to advanced (fft, inv, Bessel functions, ) One can use MATLAB with C, Fortran, and Java, in either direction
Online MATLAB Resources

www.mathworks.com/ www.mathtools.net/MATLAB www.math.utah.edu/lab/ms/matlab/matlab.html web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/software/matlab/ www/home.html www.utexas.edu/its/rc/tutorials/matlab/ www.math.ufl.edu/help/matlab-tutorial/ www.indiana.edu/~statmath/math/matlab/links.html www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/programs/matlab.html
References
Mastering MATLAB 7, D. Hanselman and B. Littlefield, Prentice Hall, 2004
Getting Started with MATLAB 7: A Quick Introduction for Scientists and Engineers, R. Pratap, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Desktop Tools
Command Window type commands Workspace view program variables clear to clear double click on a variable to see it in the Array Editor Command History view past commands save a whole session using diary
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Some MATLAB Development Windows

Command Window: where you enter commands Command History: running history of commands which is preserved across MATLAB sessions Current directory: Default is $matlabroot/work Workspace: GUI for viewing, loading and saving MATLAB variables Array Editor: GUI for viewing and/or modifying contents of MATLAB variables (openvar varname or double-click the arrays name in the Workspace) Editor/Debugger: text editor, debugger; editor works with file types in addition to .m (MATLAB m-files)
MATLAB Editor Window
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MATLAB Help Window (Very Powerful)
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Command-Line Help : List of Topic Functions

>> help matfun Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra.
Matrix analysis. norm - Matrix or vector norm. normest - Estimate the matrix 2-norm. rank - Matrix rank. det - Determinant. trace - Sum of diagonal elements. null - Null space. orth - Orthogonalization. rref - Reduced row echelon form. subspace - Angle between two subspaces.
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Keyword Search of Help Entries

>> lookfor who newton.m: % inputs: 'x' is the number whose square root we seek testNewton.m: % inputs: 'x' is the number whose square root we seek WHO List current variables. WHOS List current variables, long form. TIMESTWO S-function whose output is two times its input.
>> whos Name ans fid i
Size 1x1 1x1 1x1
Bytes 8 8 8
Class double double double
Attributes
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Variables (Arrays) and Operators
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Matlab as Calculator
The basic arithmetic operators are + - * / ^ and these are used in conjunction with brackets: ( ) The symbol ^ is used to get exponents (powers): 2^4=16 You should type in commands shown following the prompt: >>. >> 2+3/4*5
ans =
5.7500
15
Is this calculation 2 + 3/(4*5) or 2 + (3/4)*5? Matlab works according to the priorities: 1. quantities in brackets, 2. powers 2 + 3^2 ==> 2 + 9 = 11, 3. * /, working left to right (3*4/5=12/5), 4. + -, working left to right (3+4-5=7-5), Thus, the earlier calculation was for 2 + (3/4)*5 by priority 3
16
>> 16 + 24 ans = 40
no declarations needed
>> product = 16 * 23.24 product = 371.84 >> product = 16 *555.24; >> product product = 8883.8
mixed data types
semi-colon suppresses output of the calculations result
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MATLAB Data
The basic data type used in MATLAB is the double precision array
No declarations needed: MATLAB automatically allocates required memory Resize arrays dynamically To reuse a variable name, simply use it in the left hand side of an assignment statement
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Numbers & Formats

Matlab recognizes several different kinds of numbers
The e notation is used for very large or very small numbers: -1.3412e+03 = -1.3412 x103 = -1341.2 -1.3412e-01 = -1:3412 10-1 =-0.13412 All computations in MATLAB are done in double precision, which means about 15 significant figures The format how Matlab prints numbers is controlled by the format command
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Numbers & Formats

Type help format for full list. Should you wish to switch back to the default format then format will suffice. The command format compact is also useful in that it suppresses blank lines in the output thus allowing more information to be displayed
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Variable Names
Legal names consist of any combination of letters and digits, starting with a letter. These are allowable: NetCost, Left2Pay, x3, X3, z25c5 These are not allowable: Net-Cost, 2pay, %x, @sign User names that reflect the values they represent Special names: you should avoid using eps = 2.2204e-16 =2-54 (The largest number such that 1 + eps is indistinguishable from 1) and pi = 3.14159... = . If you wish to do arithmetic with complex numbers, both i and j have the value -1 unless you change them
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Variable Basics
clear all; close all; clc; product = 2 * 3^3; comp_sum = (2 + 3i) + (2 - 3i); show_i = i^2; save abc_1 clear load abc_1 who Solve in MATLAB
complex numbers (i or j) require no special handling
save/load are used to
retain/restore workspace variables
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Variables Revisited
Variable names are case sensitive and over-written when re-used Basic variable class: Auto-Indexed Array
Allows use of entire arrays (scalar, 1-D, 2-D, etc) as operands Vectorization: Always use array operands to get best performance (avoiding for loops)
Terminology: scalar (1 x 1 array), vector (1 x N array), matrix (M x N array)
Special variables/functions: ans, pi, eps, inf, NaN, i, nargin, nargout, varargin, varargout, ... Commands who (terse output) and whos (verbose output) show variables in Workspace
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Suppressing Output
One often does not want to see the result of intermediate calculations terminate the assignment statement or expression with semicolon
>> x=-13; y = 5*x, z = x^2+y y= -65.00 z= 104.00
the value of x is hidden. Note also we can place several statements on one line, separated by commas or semicolons
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Trigonometric Functions
Those known to Matlab are sin, cos, tan and their arguments should be in radians. e.g. to work out the coordinates of a point on a circle of radius 5 centred at the origin and having an elevation 30o = pi/6 radians.
>> x = 5*cos(pi/6), y = 5*sin(pi/6) x= 4.33 y= 2.50
The inverse trig functions are called asin, acos, atan (as opposed to the usual arcsin or sin-1 etc.). The result is in radians.
acos(x/5), asin(y/5) ans = 0.52 ans = 0.52
>> pi/6 ans = 0.52

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Other Elementary Functions

These include sqrt, exp, log, log10
>> x = 9; sqrt(x),exp(x),log(sqrt(x)),log10(x^2+6) ans = 3.00 ans = 8103.08 ans = 1.10 ans = 1.94
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Vectors Rows and Columns

Row Vectors They are lists of numbers separated by either commas or spaces. The number of entries is known as the length of the vector and the entries are often referred to as elements or components of the vector The entries must be enclosed in square brackets
>> v = [ 1 3, sqrt(5)] v= 1.00 3.00 >> length(v) ans = 3.00
2.24 >> v2 = [3+ 4 5] v2 = 7.00 5.00 >> v2 = [3 +4 5] v2 = 3.00 4.00
Spaces can be vitally important:
5.00
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Row Vectors
We can do certain arithmetic operations with vectors of the same length, such as v and v3 in the previous section
>> v, v3, v+v3 v= 1.00 v3 = 3.00 ans = 4.00
3.00 4.00 7.00
2.24 5.00 7.24 >> v, v2, v+v2 v= 1.00 3.00 2.24 v2 = 7.00 5.00 ??? Error using ==> plus Matrix dimensions must agree.
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The error is due to v and v2 having different lengths
Row Vectors
A vector may be multiplied by a scalar (a number see v4), or added/subtracted to another vector of the same length. The operations are carried out element wise
>> v, v4=3*v v= 1.00 v4 = 3.00
3.00 9.00
2.24 6.71
We can build row vectors from existing ones:

>> w = [1 2 3], z = [8 9] cd = [2*z,-w], sort(cd) w= 1.00 2.00 z= 8.00 9.00 cd = 16.00 18.00 ans = -3.00 -2.00
3.00
-1.00 -1.00
-2.00 16.00
-3.00 18.00
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Row vectors
We can also change or look at the value of particular entries
w(2) = -2, w(3) w= 1.00 -2.00 ans = 3.00
3.00
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The Colon Notation

This is a shortcut for producing row vectors:
lower limit Upper limit
>> a= 1:4 a= 1.00 2.00 >> b=3:7 b= 3.00 4.00 >> c=-1:1 c= -1.00 0 >> d=1:-1 d= Empty matrix: 1-by-0
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
1.00
>> 1:3:7 ans = 1.00
4.00
7.00
More generally a : b : c produces a vector of entries starting with the value a, incrementing by the value b until it gets to c (it will not produce a value beyond c). This is why 1:-1 produced the empty vector [].
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Extracting Bits of a Vector

To get the 3rd to 6th entries:
>> r5 = [1:2:6, -1:-2:-7] r5 = 1.00 3.00 >> r5(3:6) ans = 5.00 -1.00
5.00
-1.00
-3.00
-5.00
-7.00
-3.00
-5.00
To get alternate entries

>> r5(1:2:7) ans = 1.00
5.00
-3.00
-7.00
What does r5(-6:2:1) give?

>> r5(6:-2:1) ans = -5.00
-1.00
3.00
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Column Vectors
These have similar constructs to row vectors. When defining them, entries are separated by ; or newlines
>> a= [1; 2; 3] a= 1.00 2.00 3.00 >> b = [ 1 2 3] b= 1.00 2.00 3.00
>> c= 2*a -3*b c= -1.00 -2.00 -3.00
so column vectors may be added or subtracted provided that they have the same length
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Transposing a Matrix
We can convert a row vector into a column vector (and vice versa) by a process called transposing denoted by . >> a = [1 2 3]
a= 1.00 2.00 3.00
>> a' ans =

1.00 2.00 3.00 >> c= [ 2; 3; 4] c= 2.00 3.00 4.00 >> d= a'+(3*c) d= 7.00 11.00 15.00
If x is a complex vector, then x' gives the complex conjugate transpose of x:

a=[1-1i 1+1i]; b=a'; 1.00 - 1.00i 1.00+1.00i 1.00 + 1.00i 1.00 - 1.00i
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Plotting Elementary Functions

3
Plot(t, sin(2*pi*100*t))
2
clear all; clc f=100; fs=40*f; ts=1/fs; t=0:ts:1; w=2*pi*f; y=3*sin(w*t); plot(t,y)
-1
-2
-3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
xlabel ylabel title grid figure
-1
-2
-3
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
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Multiple Plots
3
plot(t,sin(wt), t,cos(wt))
-1
-2
xlabel ylabel title hold on subplot Data cursor (marker)
-3
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
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0.09
0.1
4 2 0 -2 -4
0.01
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0.1
4 2 0 -2 -4
0.01
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0.1
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Vectorization Example*
tic; x=0.1; for k=1:199901 y(k)=besselj(3,x) + log(x); x=x+0.001; end toc;
Elapsed time is 17.092999 seconds.
tic; x=0.1:0.001:200; y=besselj(3,x) + log(x); toc; Elapsed time is 0.551970 seconds.
Roughly 31 times faster without use of for loop
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2D MATRIX Declaration
M=[3 4 5; 6 7 8; 1 -1 0]
>> a=[1;2;3]; >> b=[3;4;5]; >> c=[2;3;4]; >> s=[a b c] s= 1.00 2.00 3.00
3.00 4.00 5.00
2.00 3.00 4.00
M=magic(4)
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Matrices: Magic Squares

This matrix is called a magic square
Interestingly, Durer also dated this engraving by placing 15 and 14 side-byside in the magic square.
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Durer Magic Square

>> M=magic(4); >> [b]=[sum(M(1,:)) sum(M(2,:)) sum(M(3,:)) sum(M(4,:))] >>[c]=[sum(M(:,1)) sum(M(:,2)) sum(M(:,3)) sum(M(:,4))]
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Matrix Manipulations
Scalar Product (*) u= [ 1 2 3]; v= [2;3;4] ; uv ui vi i 1 Scalar_product= 1x2+2x3+3x4=20
>> u= [ 1 2 3]; v= [2;3;4]; >> u*v ans = 20.00 >> u= [ 1 2 3]; v= [2 3 4]; >> u*v ??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
N
(row vector x column vector)
(row vector x column vector)
an error results because w is not a column vector

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Dot . Product
The second way of forming the product of two vectors of the same length is known as the Hadamard product It is not often used in Mathematics but is an invaluable Matlab feature It involves vectors of the same type If u and v are two vectors of the same type (both row vectors or both column vectors), the mathematical definition of this product, which we shall call the dot product, is the vector having the components u . v = [u1v1, u2v2, ., unvn]: The result is a vector of the same length and type as u and v. Thus, we simply multiply the corresponding elements of two vectors Tabulate the function y = x sin(pi* x) for x = 0; 0:25; : : : ; 1.
>> u= [ 1 2 3]; v= [2 3 4]; >> u*v ??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree. >> u.*v ans = 2.00
plot(x,y) 6.00 12.00

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Dot Division of Arrays (./)

There is no mathematical definition for the division of one vector by another. However, in Matlab, the operator ./ is defined to give element by element division it is therefore only defined for vectors of the same size and type
>> a=[1 2 3]; >> b=[1 2 3]; >> c=a/b c= 1.00 >> c=a./b c= 1.00 1.00 1.00 >> a=[12 24 36];b=[6 3 9]; >> c=a/b c= 3.71 >> c=a./b c= 2.00 8.00 4.00
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Dot Power of Arrays (.^)

To square each of the elements of a vector we could, for example, do u.*u. However, a neater way is to use the .^ operator
>> a=[ 1 2 3]; >> a=a.^2 a= 1.00 a= 1.00 >> a=a.^4 a= 1.00 4.00 9.00
4.00
9.00
Draw plots for the following
256.00
6561.00
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Multidimensional Arrays
>> r = randn(2,3,2) % create a 3 dimensional array filled %with normally distributed random numbers r=rand(2,3,2) r(:,:,1) = 0.2769 0.0971 0.6948 0.0462 0.8235 0.3171 randn(2,3,2): 3 dimensions, filled with normally distributed random numbers % sign precedes comments, MATLAB ignores the rest of the line
r(:,:,2) = 0.9502 0.4387 0.7655 0.0344 0.3816 0.7952
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2D Matrix Manipulations
size(A) , max, min
>> a= [ 2 3 4; 2 a= 2.00 2.00 5.00 >> size(a) ans = 3.00 4 5; 5 6 7] 3.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
transpose(A), size(A)
>> a= [ 2 3 4; 2 a= 2.00 2.00 >> size(a) ans = 2.00 >> a' ans = 2.00 3.00 4.00 >> size(a') ans = 3.00 4 5] 3.00 4.00 4.00 5.00
3.00
3.00
diag(A)
>> diag(a) ans = 2.00 4.00 7.00
fliplr(A)
2.00 4.00 5.00
2.00
A=zeros(m,n)
zeros(2,4) ans = 0 0
eye(A)
>> eye(3) ans = 1.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0 1.00
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0 0
0 0
0 0
Matrix Manipulation
D=[1 2 3 4]; D=diag(1:4)
>> diag(1:4) ans = 1.00 0 0 0
F = [0 1 8 7; 3 -2 -4 2; 4 2 1 1] (non square matrix) What is diag(F)? Tabulate the functions y = 4 sin 3x and u = 3 sin 4x for x = 0, 0.1, 0.2,.,0.5. Given a matrix A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6; 5 6 7]; find the determinant of A; Adjoint of A; inverse of A; Find the inverse of matrix A = [ 1 2 3 4; 1 3 5 6; 5 4 3 2];
0 2.00 0 0
0 0 3.00 0
0 0 0 4.00
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Matrix Manipulation
Given Matrix A = [1 2 3 4; 5 3 1 7; 2 7 9 4; 2 4 6 8]; Extract bits of A; extract locations of ( 8, 9 , 5, 1) Display the following Only row 3 Only row 4 Rows 2 and 4 Cols 1 and 3 Use the 4x 4 matrix concatenate it to make a 16x 16 Matrix Perform sum of diagonal elements
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Dot product of matrices (.*)

The dot product works as for vectors: corresponding elements are multiplied together so the matrices involved must have the same size
>> A= [ 1 2 3 4; 3 4 5 6; 6 7 8 9]; >> B= [ 2 3 4 5; 5 6 7 7; 8 9 3 4]; >> A*B ??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree. >> A.*B ans = 2.00 15.00 48.00
6.00 24.00 63.00
12.00 35.00 24.00
20.00 42.00 36.00
A*x
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Sparse Matrix
Create a sparse 5x4 matrix S having only 3 non{zero values: S1,2 = 10, S3,3 = 11 and S5,4 =12.
>> m= [ 1 3 5]; >> n=[2 3 4]; >> v=[10 11 12]; >> A=sparse(m,n,v) A= (1,2) 10.00 (3,3) 11.00 (5,4) 12.00 >> A=full(A) A= 0 10.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 11.00 0 0 0
0
0 0 12.00
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Systems of Linear Equations

Mathematical formulations of engineering problems often lead to sets of simultaneous linear equations. Such is the case, for instance, when using the finite element method (FEM). A general system of linear equations can be expressed in terms of a coefficient matrix A, a right-hand-side (column) vector b and an unknown (column) vector x as Ax=b
When A is non-singular and square (n x n), meaning that the number of independent equations is equal to the number of unknowns, the system has a unique solution given by x= A-1B
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Example
Enter the symmetric coeffcient matrix and right hand side vector b given by
and solve the system of equations Ax = b using the three alternative methods: i) x = A-1b, (the inverse A-1 may be computed in Matlab using inv(A).) ii) x = A \ b, iii) xT = btAT leading to xT = b' / A which makes use of the slash or right division operator /. The required solution is then the transpose of the row vector xT.
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Example
Use the backslash operator to solve the complex system of equations for which
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Character Strings
close all; clear all; clc hi = ' hello'; class = 'MATLAB'; greetings = [hi class] vgreetings = [hi;class]
concatenation with blank or with , semi-colon: join vertically
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String Functions
yo = Hello Class >> ischar(yo) ans = 1 >> strcmp(yo,yo) ans = 1
returns 1 if argument is a character array and 0 otherwise
returns 1 if string arguments are the same and 0 otherwise; strcmpi ignores case
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Set Functions
Arrays are ordered sets:
>> a = [1 2 3 4 5] a = 1 2 3 >> b = [3 4 5 6 7] b = 3 4 5 >> isequal(a,b) ans = 0 >> ismember(a,b) ans = 0 0 1
7
returns true (1) if arrays are the same size and have the same values returns 1 where a is in b and 0 otherwise
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Lab 1
Create a row vector called X whose elements are the integers 1 through 9. Create another row vector called Temp whose elements are: 15.6 17.5 36.6 43.8 58.2 61.6 64.2 70.4 98.8 These data are the result of an experiment on heat conduction through an iron bar. The array X contains positions on the bar where temperature measurements were made. The array Temp contains the corresponding temperatures. Make a 2-D plot with temperature on the y-axis and position on the x-axis. The data shown in your plot should lie along a straight line (according to physics) but dont because of measurement errors. Use the MATLAB polyfit function to fit the best line to the data (use >> hold on; for multiple plots in same figure). In other words use polyfit to determine the coefficients a and b of the equation T = ax + b Lastly, we can calculate a parameter called chi-square (2) that is a measure of how well the data fits the line. Calculate chi-square by running the MATLAB command that does the following matrix multiplication: >> (Temp-b-a*X)*(Temp-b-a*X)'
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Lab 1
close all; clear all; clc; x=1:9; temp=[15.6 17.5 36.6 43.8 58.2 61.6 64.2 70.4 98.8]; p= polyfit(x,temp,1); T=p(1).*x+p(2); B=((temp-p(2)-p(1)).*x); Bd=((temp-p(2)-p(1)).*x)'; C=B*Bd; figure;plot(x,temp,'-*'); hold on; plot(x,T)
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Lab 2
Write a MATLAB command that will generate a column vector called theta. theta should have values from 2 to 2 in steps of /100. Generate a matrix F that contains values of the following functions in the columns indicated: Column 1: cos() Column 2: cos(2)(1 + sin(2) Column 3: e -0.1|| Evaluate each of the above functions for the values in the theta vector from above. Plot each of the columns of F against theta. Overlay the three plots, using a different color for each. Create a new column vector called maxVect that contains the largest of the three functions above for each theta. Plot maxVect against theta. Create a column vector called maxIndex that has the column number of the maximum value in that row.
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Lab 3
Mesh and Contour plots
close all; clear all; clc; [X,Y] = meshgrid(2:.2:4, 1:.2:3); f =-X.*Y.*exp(-2*(X.^2+Y.^2)); figure(1); mesh(X,Y,f), xlabel('x'), ylabel('y'), grid figure (2), contour(X,Y,f) xlabel('x'), ylabel('y'), grid, hold on fmax = max(max(f)); kmax = find(f==fmax); Pos = [X(kmax), Y(kmax)]; plot(X(kmax),Y(kmax),'*') text(X(kmax),Y(kmax),' Maximum')
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Programming
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Outline
MATLAB m-file Editor To start: click icon or enter edit command in Command Window, e.g., >> edit test.m Scripts and Functions Decision Making/Looping if/else switch for and while Running Operating System Commands
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m-file Editor Window
You can save and run the file/function/script in one step by clicking here
Tip: semi-colons suppress printing, commas (and semi-colons) allow multiple commands on one line, and 3 dots () allow continuation of lines without execution
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Scripts and Functions

Scripts do not accept input arguments, nor do they produce output arguments. Scripts are simply MATLAB commands written into a file. They operate on the existing workspace. Functions accept input arguments and produce output variables. All internal variables are local to the function and commands operate on the function workspace. A file containing a script or function is called an m-file If duplicate functions (names) exist, the first in the search path (from path command) is executed.
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Functions First Example

function [a b c] = myfun(x, y) Write these two lines to a file b = x * y; a = 100; c = x.^2; myfun.m and save it on MATLABs path
>> myfun(2,3) % called with zero outputs ans = 100 >> u = myfun(2,3) % called with one output u = 100 >> [u v w] = myfun(2,3) % called with all outputs u = 100 v = Any return value which is not stored 6 in an output variable is simply w = discarded 4
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Fibonacci
function f = fibonacci(n) % FIBONACCI Fibonacci sequence % f = FIBONACCI(n) generates the first n Fibonacci numbers. f = zeros(n,1); f(1) = 1; f(2) = 2; for k = 3:n f(k) = f(k-1) + f(k-2); end
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Sum
Produce a list of the values of the sums
close all; clear all; clc x=1:20; s(20)=sum(1./(x.^2)); for j= 21:100 s(j)=s(j-1)+(1./(j^2)); end s
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Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

fft is one of the built-in functions in MATLAB The fft function can compute the discrete Fourier transform of any arbitrary length sequence. fft incorporates most known fast algorithms for various lengths (e.g. power of 2) Not all lengths are equally fast
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Discrete Fourier Transform Definition

N 1 n0 j 2 kn N
X [k ] x[n]e
N 1
1 x[n] X [k ]e N k 0
j 2 kn N
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fft and fftshift

1
N=11
11
0
After fftshift
N=11
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Example: FFT of sine Wave in Noise

>> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> fs = 1000; t = [0:999]*(1/fs); x = sin(2*pi*250*t); X = fft(x(1:512)); noise = 0.8*randn(size(x)); xn = x + noise; XnMag = fftshift(20*log10(abs(fft(xn(1:512))))); XnMagPf = XnMag(256:512); frq = [0:length(XnMagPf) 1]'*(fs/length(XnMag)); >> plot(frq, XnMagPf) >> xlabel('freq. (Hz)'); >> ylabel('Mag. (db)');
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Develop code for FFT

function [ F Fr] = FCFT(fo,fl,x,fint,fs) i=1; for fr=fo:fint:fl w=2*pi*fr;u=1; for t=0:1/fs:0.5 X(u)=x(u)*exp(-1i*w*t); u=u+1; end N = length(X); F(i) = simp(X,N,1/fs); i = i + 1; end Fr = fo:fint:fl; end
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Frequency Spectrum
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Area
function [A] = area(a,b,c) s = (a+b+c)/2; A = sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
74
Function Syntax Summary

If the m-file name and function name differ, the file name takes precedence Function names must begin with a letter First line must contain function followed by the most general calling syntax Statements after initial contiguous comments (help lines) are the body of the function
Terminates on the last line or a return statement
75
Function Syntax Summary (cont.)

error and warning can be used to test and continue execution (error-handling)
Scripts called in m-file functions are evaluated in the function workspace

Additional functions (subfunctions) can be included in an m-file Use which command to determine precedence, e.g., >> which title C:\MATLAB71\toolbox\matlab\graph2d\title
76
if/elseif/else Statement
>> A = 2; B = 3; >> if A > B 'A is bigger' elseif A < B 'B is bigger' elseif A == B 'A equals B' else error('Something odd is happening') end ans = B is bigger
77
switch Statement
>> n = 8 n = 8 >> switch(rem(n,3)) case 0 m = 'no remainder' case 1 m = the remainder is one' case 2 m = the remainder is two' otherwise error('not possible') end m = the remainder is two
78
for Loop
>> for i = 2:5 for j = 3:6 a(i,j) = (i + j)^2 end end >> a a = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 36 49 0 0 36 49 64 0 0 49 64 81 0 0 64 81 100
0 64 81 100 121
79
A Performance Tip
Input variables are not copied into the function workspace, unless
If any input variables are changed, the variable will be copied
Avoid performance penalty when using large arrays by extracting only those elements that will need modification
80
MATLABs Search Path

Is name a variable?
Is name a built-in function? Does name exist in the current directory? Does name exist anywhere in the search path? Discovery functions: who, whos, what, which, exist, help, doc, lookfor, dir, ls, ...
81
Changing the Search Path

The addpath command adds directories to the MATLAB search path. The specified directories are added to the beginning of the search path.
>> path
MATLABPATH
>> addpath('c:\'); >> matlabpath

MATLABPATH
c:\ E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\f_funcs E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\f_funcs E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_funcs E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_funcs E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_scripts E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\genera E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_scripts l E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\general E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\ops E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\ops
rmpath is used to remove paths from the search path
Lab 1
Create, perhaps using for-loops, a synthetic image that has a 1 in the (1,1) location, and a 255 in the (128,128) location, and i + j - 1 in the i, j location. This we'll refer to as the diagonal gray'' image. Can you manage to do this without using for-loops? Display the image using (well assume you placed your image in a matrix named a) image(a); colormap(gray). (Dont worry if this doesnt work exactly the way you expect. Colormaps can be tricky!) Now convert your code to a MATLAB script Test your script to insure that it produces the same results as the ones obtained interactively.
83
Lab 2
Write a MATLAB function that implements Newtons iterative algorithm for approximating the square root of a number. The core of Newtons algorithm is that if last is the last approximation calculated, the next (improved) approximation is given by next = 0.5(last +(x/last)) where x is the number whose square root you seek. Two other pieces of information are needed to implement the algorithm. The first is an initial guess at the square root. (A typical starting value might be 1.0, say). The second is the accuracy required for the approximation. You might specify you want to keep iterating until you get an approximation that is good to 5 decimal places for example. Your MATLAB function should have three input arguments: x, the initial guess, and the accuracy desired. It should have one output, the approximate square root of x to the desired accuracy.
84
Data I/O
85
Loading and Saving Workspace Variables

MATLAB can load and save data in .MAT format .MAT files are binary files that can be transferred across platforms; as much accuracy as possible is preserved. Load: load filename OR A = load(filename) loads all the variables in the specified file (the default name is MATLAB.MAT) Save: save filename variables saves the specified variables (all variables by default) in the specified file (the default name is MATLAB.MAT)
86
ASCII File Read/Write

load and save can also read and write ASCII files with rows of space separated values: load test.dat ascii save filename variables (options are ascii, double, tabs, append) save example.dat myvar1 myvar2 -ascii -double
87
ASCII File Read/Write (cont.)

dlmread M = dlmread(filename,delimiter,range); reads ASCII values in file filename that are separated by delimiter into variable M; most useful for numerical values. The last value in a line need not have the delimiter following it. range = [R1 C1 R2 C2] (upper-left to lower-right corner)
dlmwrite dlmwrite(filename,A,delimiter); writes ASCII values in array A to file filename with values separated by delimiter
Useful with spreadsheet data
range of data to be read
88
More ASCII File Read

textread [A, B, C, ...] = textread[filename, format]; [A, B, C, ...] = textread[filename, format, N]; [...] = textread[..., param, value, ...]; The type of each return argument is given by format (C-style conversion specifiers: %d, %f, %c, %s, etc) Number of return arguments must match number of conversion specifiers in format format string is reused N times or entire file is read if N not given Using textread you can
specify values for whitespace, delimiters and exponent characters specify a format string to skip over literals or ignore fields
89
textread Example
Data file, tab delimited:
MATLAB m-file:
param,value pairs use doc textread for available param options
Results:
Import Wizard
Import ASCII and binary files using the Import Wizard. Type uiimport at the Command line or choose Import Data from the File menu.
91
Low-Level File I/O Functions
File Opening and Closing fclose: Close one or more open files fopen: Open a file or obtain information about open files Unformatted I/O fread: Read binary data from file fwrite: Write binary data to a file Formatted I/O fgetl: Return the next line of a file as a string without line terminator(s) fgets: Return the next line of a file as a string with line terminator(s) fprintf: Write formatted data to file fscanf: Read formatted data from file
92
Low-Level File I/O (cont.)

File Positioning
feof: Test for end-of-file ferror: Query MATLAB about errors in file input or output frewind: Rewind an open file fseek: Set file position indicator ftell: Get file position indicator
String Conversion
sprintf: Write formatted data to a string sscanf: Read string under format control
93
File Open (fopen)/Close (fclose)

fid = fopen(filename, permission);
Permission requested: r, r+ w, w+ a, a+
File identifier number
Name of file
status = fclose(fid);
0, if successful -1, otherwise
File identifier number or all for all files
94
Formatted I/O
fscanf: [A, count] = fscanf(fid,format,size); Number successfully read File identifier number Format specifier Amount of data to read: n, [n, m], Inf
Data array
fprintf: count = fprintf(fid, format, A,...);
Number successfully read
File identifier number
Format specifier
Data array(s) to write
fscanf and fprintf are similar to C version but vectorized
95
Format String Specification
%-12.5e
initial % character alignment flag width and precision conversion specifier
Specifier Description %c Single character %d Decimal notation (signed) %e Exponential notation %f Fixed-point notation %g The more compact of %e or %f %o Octal notation (unsigned) %s String of characters %u Decimal notation (unsigned) %x Hexadecimal notation ...others...
96
Other Formatted I/O Commands

fgetl: line = fgetl(fid); reads next line from file without line terminator fgets: line = fgets(fid); reads next line from file with line terminator textread: [A,B,C,...] = textread('filename','format',N) reads N lines of formatted text from file filename sscanf: A = sscanf(s, format, size); reads string under format control sprintf: s = sprintf(format, A); writes formatted data to a string
97
Binary File I/O

[data, count] = fread(fid, num, precision);
Data array Number successfully read File identifier number Amount to read n, [n, m],... int, double,
count = fwrite(fid, data, precision);

Number successfully written File identifier number array to write
int, double,
fread and fwrite are vectorized

98
Basic Data Analysis
99
Basic Data Analysis

Basic, and more advanced, statistical analysis is easily accomplished in MATLAB. Remember that the MATLAB default is to assume vectors are columnar. Each column is a variable, and each row is an observation.
10 0
Vibration Sensors Data
Each column is the raw rpm sensor data from a different sensor used in an instrumented engine test. The rows represent the times readings were made.
10 1
Plotting the Data

>> >> >> >> plot(rpm_raw) xlabel('sample number - during time slice'); ylabel('Unfiltered RPM Data'); title(3 sequences of samples from RPM sensor)
Note that in this case the plot command generates one timeseries for each column of the data matrix
10 2
Average of the Data:

1
Applying the mean function to the data matrix yields the mean of each column
2
>> mean(rpm_raw)
ans = 1081.4 1002.7
1082.8
But you can easily compute the mean of the entire matrix (applying a function to either a single row or a single column results in the function applied to the column, or the row, i.e., in both cases, the application is to the vector).
>> mean(mean(rpm_raw))
ans =
1055.6
10 3
The mean Function

>> help mean MEAN Average or mean value. For vectors, MEAN(X) is the mean value of the elements in X. For matrices, MEAN(X) is a row vector containing the mean value of each column. For N-D arrays, MEAN(X) is the mean value of the elements along the first non-singleton dimension of X. MEAN(X,DIM) takes the mean along the dimension DIM of X. Example: If X = [0 1 2 3 4 5] then mean(X,1) >> mean(rpm_raw, ans = 1045.7 1064.7 1060.7 1055 1045
But we can apply the mean function along any dimension
is [1.5 2.5 3.5] and mean(X,2) is [1 2) 4]
3
So we can easily obtain the row means
10 4
max and its Index

1
MAX Largest component. For vectors, MAX(X) is the largest element in X. For matrices, MAX(X) is a row vector containing the maximum element from each column. For N-D arrays, MAX(X) operates along the first non-singleton dimension. [Y,I] = MAX(X) returns the indices of the maximum values in vector I. If the values along the first nonsingleton dimension contain more than one maximal element, the index of the first one is returned.
2 >> max(rpm_raw) ans = 1115 1120
1043
>> max(max(rpm_raw)) ans = 1120

>> [y,i] = max(rpm_raw) y = 1115 1120 1043 i = 8 2 17
max along the columns
We can compute the max of the entire matrix, or of any dimension
10 5
min
>> min(rpm_raw) ans = 1053
min along each column
1053
961
min of entire matrix
>> min(min(rpm_raw)) ans = 961 >> [y,i] = min(rpm_raw) y = 1053 1053 i = 22 1 22
961
10 6
Standard Deviation, Median, Covariance

>> median(rpm_raw) % median along each column ans = 1080 1083.5 1004 >> cov(rpm_raw) % covariance of the data ans = 306.4 -34.76 32.192 -34.76 244.9 -165.21 32.192 -165.21 356.25 >> std(rpm_raw) % standard deviation along each column ans = 17.504 15.649 18.875 >> var(rpm_raw) % variance is the square of std ans = 306.4 244.9 356.25
10 7
Data Analysis: Histogram

HIST Histogram. N = HIST(Y) bins the elements of Y into 10 equally spaced containers and returns the number of elements in each container. If Y is a matrix, HIST works down the columns. N = HIST(Y,M), where M is a scalar, uses M bins.
N = HIST(Y,X), where X is a vector, returns the distribution of Y among bins with centers specified by X. The first bin includes data between -inf and the first center and the last bin includes data between the last bin and inf. Note: Use HISTC if it is more natural to specify bin edges instead. ...
10 8
Histogram (cont.)
>> hist(rpm_raw) %histogram of the data
10 9
Histogram (cont.)
>> hist(rpm_raw, 20) %histogram of the data
11 0
Histogram (cont.)
>> hist(rpm_raw, 100) %histogram of the data
11 1
Bin Average Filtering

FILTER One-dimensional digital filter. Y = FILTER(B,A,X) filters the data in vector X with the filter described by vectors A and B to create the filtered data Y. The filter is a "Direct Form II Transposed" implementation of the standard difference equation: a(1)*y(n) = b(1)*x(n) + b(2)*x(n-1) + ... + b(nb+1)*x(nnb) - a(2)*y(n-1) - ... - a(na+1)*y(nna) >> filter(ones(1,3), 3, rpm_raw) ans = 359 351 335.67 719 724.33 667 1088.3 1081.7 1001 1084 1091.7 1004.7 1081 1073 1006.7
This example uses an FIR filter to compute a moving average using a window size of 3
11 2
Filtered Data Plot
11 3
Load .dat file and carryout analysis

% power spectrum in dB
% MATLAB PROGRAM ecg_hfn.m clear all % clears all active variables close all ecg = load('ecg_hfn.dat'); fs = 1000; %sampling rate = 1000 Hz zero_padding = 0; % Number of samples to be added as zero padding slen = length(ecg); %signal length t=[1:slen]/fs; ts=1/fs; figure(1) subplot(2,1,1),plot(t, ecg) axis tight; xlabel('Time in seconds'); ylabel('Amplitude in mV'); Title('Raw ECG'); % frequency domain fft_samples = 2^nextpow2(slen + zero_padding); raw_fft = fft(ecg,fft_samples); f_axis = 0:1:(fft_samples-1)/2; % fft_samples -1 because we start at 0 avg_power = sum(abs(raw_fft(1:fft_samples/2)).^2./slen)/slen; subplot(2,1,2) plot( f_axis*fs/fft_samples, ... abs(raw_fft(1:fft_samples/2))*2/slen,f_axis*fs/fft_samples,avg_power); title('Raw ECG Frequency Domain'); ylabel('Magnitude [Normalized]'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
figure(3); psd(ecg,slen,1000) title('Power spectral density'); % high pass filter
fc1= 0.5; % cut off frequency n1=2;% order of filter wn1=(2*fc1/fs); [b1,a1] = butter(n1,wn1,'high'); h1=filter(b1,a1,ecg); figure(5); plot(h1); xlabel('no. of samples'); title('High pass filtered ECG at 0.5Hz'); ylabel('Amplitude in mV'); figure(6) freqz(b1,a1); title('High Pass Filter characteristics');
11 4

% frequency domain raw_fft1= fft(h1,fft_samples); f_axis1= 0:1:(fft_samples-1)/2; % fft_samples -1 because we start at 0 avg_power1 = sum(abs(raw_fft1(1:fft_samples/2)).^2./slen)/slen; figure(7); plot( f_axis1*fs/fft_samples, ... abs(raw_fft1(1:fft_samples/2))*2/slen,f_axis1*fs/fft_samples,avg_power1); title('High pass filtered ECG signal frequency domain'); ylabel('Magnitude [Normalized]'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
h2 = filter(b2,a2,h1); % notch filter figure(8); plot(h2) xlabel('no. of samples'); title('Notch filtered ECG at 60 Hz'); ylabel('Amplitude in mV '); figure(9); freqz(b2,a2); title('Notch Filter characteristics'); % frequency domain raw_fft2= fft(h2,fft_samples); f_axis2= 0:1:(fft_samples-1)/2; % fft_samples -1 because we start at 0 avg_power2 = sum(abs(raw_fft2(1:fft_samples/2)).^2./slen)/slen; figure(10); plot( f_axis2*fs/fft_samples, ... abs(raw_fft2(1:fft_samples/2))*2/slen,f_axis2*fs/fft _samples,avg_power2); title('Notch filtered signal Frequency Domain'); ylabel('Magnitude [Normalized]'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
%notch filter f = 0:fs/2; F0 = 60; delF = 2;
% Center frequency of notch filter in Hz % bandwidth in Hz
Theta0 = (2*pi*F0)/fs; r = 1 - (delF*pi)/fs;
% Notch filter coefficient b0 = (abs(1-2*r*cos(Theta0)+r^2))/(2*abs(1-cos(Theta0))); b2 = [b0 (b0*(-2)*cos(Theta0)) b0]; % Numerator coefficients for filter a2 = [1 (-2*r*cos(Theta0)) r^2]; % Denominator coefficients for filter
11 5

% IIR Low pass filter fc3= 40; n3=2; wn3=(2*fc3/fs); [b3,a3] = butter(n3,wn3); h3=filter(b3,a3,h2); figure(11); plot(h3); xlabel('Time in seconds'); title('Low pass filtered ECG at 40 Hz'); ylabel('LPF ECG'); figure(12) freqz(b3,a3); title('Low Pass Filter characteristics');
% frequency domain
raw_fft3= fft(h3,fft_samples); f_axis3= 0:1:(fft_samples-1)/2; % fft_samples -1 because we start at 0 avg_power3 = sum(abs(raw_fft3(1:fft_samples/2)).^2./slen)/slen; figure(13); plot( f_axis3*fs/fft_samples, ... abs(raw_fft3(1:fft_samples/2))*2/slen,f_axis3*fs/fft_samples,avg_power3); title('Low pass filtered signal Frequency Domain'); ylabel('Magnitude [Normalized]'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); % 1 epoch figure(1) subplot(4,1,1); plot(ecg(1:800));xlabel('samples');ylabel('Amplitude in mV');title('raw ECG'); subplot(4,1,2); plot(h1(1:800));xlabel('samples');;ylabel('Amplitude in mV');title('HPF ECG'); subplot(4,1,3); plot(h2(1:800));xlabel('samples');ylabel('Amplitude in mV');title('Notch ECG'); subplot(4,1,4); plot(h3(1:800));xlabel('samples');ylabel('Amplitude in mV');title('LPF ECG');
11 6
Lab 1
Load the data_analysis_lab1.mat file into the MATLAB workspace. This will produce an array variable called grades containing grades on an exam between 0 and 100. Calculate the average and standard deviation of the grades. Plot a histogram of the grades using 100 bins. We want to compare the histogram with a Gaussian distribution. Write you own MATLAB Gaussian function M-file which returns a value y using the following formula y=exp(-[x-m]2/22) where m is the average and is the standard deviation of the distribution. Your function should have input arguments x,m, and . On the histogram plot also plot a Gaussian distribution of the grades using the calculated average and standard deviation.
11 7
Lab 2
Load the file data_analysis_lab2.mat. Since this is a .mat file, you should be able to load it easily using the load command. Your workspace should now contain a single variable x. x is 3000 points long and consists of the sum of 3 sine waves. The sampling frequency is 1000 Hz. Plot the first 0.33 seconds of x. You may find it convenient to create a second array (say called time) that has the time values corresponding to the samples in x. >> Fs = 1000; %Sampling frequency >> time = [0:length(x)-1]*(1/Fs); % time index fft is a built-in function in MATLAB. We can compute and plot the magnitude of the FFT of x to identify the frequencies of the sine waves. >> X = fft(x); X is a complex valued array that is the FFT of x. We can compute the magnitude of the FFT by taking the absolute value of X. >> Xmag = abs(X); >> plot(Xmag);
11 8
Lab 2 (cont.)
The plot of Xmag shows 6 components, and also we have only index values not real frequency values along the abscissa. Six components show up because the FFT is evaluated over positive and negative frequencies. Also, the frequencies are wrapped around. We can take care of the wrap around using the fftshift function. >> Xmag = fftshift(Xmag); Next, we can generate a suitable frequency axis for plotting Xmag. >> frq = [0:length(Xmag)-1]*(Fs/length(Xmag)) (Fs/2); >> plot(frq, Xmag); Can you see the 3 frequency components (in the positive freq. part of the axis)? Zoom into the plot either using the axis command or the interactive zoom button on the figures toolbar and determine the frequencies of the 3 components.
11 9
Matrix Factorizations: lu
lu: factors a square matrix A into the product of a permuted lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U such that A = LU. Useful in computing inverses, Gaussian elimination.
>> A = [1 2 -1; 1 0 1; -1 2 1]; >> [L, U] = lu(A) L = 1 0 0 1 -0.5 1 -1 1 0 U = 1 2 -1 0 4 0 0 0 2 >> L * U ans = 1 2 -1 1 0 1 -1 2 1
Matrix Factorizations: chol

chol: factors a symmetric, positive definite matrix A as RTR, where R is upper triangular.
>> A = [2 -1; 1 1; 6 -1]; >> B = A'*A B = 41 -7 -7 3 >> R = chol(B) R = 6.4031 1.0932 0 1.3435 >> R'*R ans = 41 -7 -7 3
Useful in solving least squares problems.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: eig

eig: computes the eigenvalues, i and eigenvectors, xi of a square matrix A.. i and xi satisfy Axi = i xi
>> A = [1 -1 0; 0 1 1; 0 0 2]; >> [V, D] = eig(A) V = 1 1 -0.10483 0 0 -0.31449 0 0 0.94346 D = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -2 >> [A*V(:,3) D(3,3)*V(:,3)] ans = 0.20966 0.20966 0.62897 0.62897 -1.8869 -1.8869
[V,D] = eig(A) returns the eigenvectors of A in the columns of V, and the eigenvalues in the diagonal elements of D.
Singular Value Decomposition: svd

svd: factors an n x m matrix >> A = [2 -1; 1 1; 6 -1]; A as A = USVT, where U >> [U,S,V] = svd(A) and V are orthogonal U = matrices, and S is a -0.32993 0.47852 0.81373 diagonal matrix with -0.12445 -0.87653 singular values of A.
0.46499 -0.93577 -0.052149 0.34874 S = 6.4999 0 0 1.3235 0 0 V = -0.98447 -0.17558 0.17558 -0.98447
Pseudoinverse: pinv
pinv: The pseudoinverse of an n x m matrix A is a matrix B such that BAB = B and ABA = A
>> A = [2 -1; 1 1; 6 -1]; >> B = pinv(A) B = -0.013514 0.13514 0.14865 -0.36486 0.64865 0.013514 >> A*B*A ans = 2 -1 1 1 6 -1 >> B*A*B ans = -0.013514 0.13514 0.14865 -0.36486 0.64865 0.013514
MATLAB uses the SVD of A to compute pinv.

Numerical Integration
trapz: Trapezoidal integration
quad: Adaptive, recursive Simpsons Rule for quadrature quadl: Adaptive, recursive Newton-Coates
8-panel rule
dblquad: Double integration using quad or quadl

12 5
Integration Example: humps Function

>> x = linspace(-1,2,150); >> y = humps(x); >> plot(x,y) >> format long >> trapz(x,y) % 5-digit accuracy ans = 26.344859225225534 >> quad('humps', -1, 2) % 6-digit accuracy ans = 26.344960501201232 >> quadl('humps', -1, 2) % 8-digit accuracy ans = 26.344960471378968
12 6
Root Finding and Minimization

roots: finds roots of polynomials fzero: finds roots of a nonlinear function of one variable fminbnd, fminsearch: finds maxima and minima of functions of one and several variables
12 7
Example of Polynomial Roots
p(x)=x3+4x2-7x-10
12 8
Example of Roots for Nonlinear Functions
12 9
Example of Function Minimization

>> p = [1 0 -2 -5]; >> x = linspace(0,2,100); >> y = polyval(p,x); >> plot(x,y) >> fminbnd('x.^3-2*x-5',0,2) ans = 0.8165
>> polyval(p,ans) ans = -6.0887
13 0
Lab 1
Consider the set of equations Ax=b where A is an 8x8 matrix given by A(i,j)=1.0+(|i-j|/8.0) and b is a 8x1 array given by b(i)=i Solve for x using: The \ operator The MATLAB pinv function The MATLAB inv function LU Decomposition How do your answers compare? For best performance, evaluate the matrix A without using any for loops
13 1
Lab 2
Use numerical integration to integrate 1/(1+x2) from 0 to 1. The result is analytically calculated to be /4. Use the following three MATLAB functions: trap() quad() quadl()
and compare the accuracy of your numerical result with the exact value. Use quad or quadl to get the most accurate result possible with MATLAB. How accurate is it?
13 2
Tool boxes
Signal and Image processing Audio processing wavread aviread
13 3
WAV READ
close all; clear all; clc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% READ SIGNAL [s, fs, nbits, readinfo] = wavread('ak47-1.wav'); s=s(:,1)'; L=length(s); t=1:L; t=t/fs; figure; plot(t,s) s1=s+awgn(s,10); figure; plot(t,s1) % xlabel('time in seconds'); % ylabel('Amplitude'); % title('AK47 Signal'); N=1024; X = fft(s,N); F=fs*linspace(0,1,N); figure;plot(F(1:N/2),abs(X(1:N/2))); xlim([0 2000]); title('raw signal') X1 = fft(s1,N); F=fs*linspace(0,1,N); figure;plot(F(1:N/2),abs(X1(1:N/2))); xlim([0 2000]); title('noisy signal') % xlabel('frequency'); % ylabel('Magnitude'); % title('FFT of input AK47 Signal');
13 4
AVI READ
clc; clear all; close all; %----------------Inputs--------------------video = '7.avi'; Frm = 17;
%--------Reading Frame from Video----------a = aviread(video,Frm) im5 = a.cdata; a = aviread(video,Frm+1) im6 = a.cdata; %--------Converting Grey Scale----------im3=rgb2gray(im5); im4=rgb2gray(im6); %----------1 st Level Pyramid----------im3=impyramid(im3,'reduce'); im4=impyramid(im4,'reduce'); %----------2 nd Level Pyramid----------im3=impyramid(im3,'reduce'); im4=impyramid(im4,'reduce'); figure; imshow(im3) figure;imshow(im4)
13 5
Thank You
13 6

Introduction To Matlab

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Introduction To Matlab

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Introduction to MATLAB

M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies

Widely used in engineering, mathematics, and science

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Toolboxes, Software, & Links

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Online MATLAB Resources

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Some MATLAB Development Windows

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MATLAB Editor Window

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MATLAB Help Window (Very Powerful)

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Command-Line Help : List of Topic Functions

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Keyword Search of Help Entries

>> whos Name ans fid i

Size 1x1 1x1 1x1

Class double double double

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Variables (Arrays) and Operators

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mixed data types

semi-colon suppresses output of the calculations result

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Numbers & Formats

Numbers & Formats

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complex numbers (i or j) require no special handling

save/load are used to

retain/restore workspace variables

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M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies

M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies

>> pi/6 ans = 0.52

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Other Elementary Functions

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Vectors Rows and Columns

2.24 >> v2 = [3+ 4 5] v2 = 7.00 5.00 >> v2 = [3 +4 5] v2 = 3.00 4.00

Spaces can be vitally important:

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3.00 4.00 7.00

The error is due to v and v2 having different lengths

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We can build row vectors from existing ones:

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M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies

The Colon Notation

>> 1:3:7 ans = 1.00

Extracting Bits of a Vector

To get alternate entries

What does r5(-6:2:1) give?

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>> c= 2*a -3*b c= -1.00 -2.00 -3.00

>> c= 2a -3b c= -1.00 -2.00 -3.00

function [A] = area(a,b,c) s = (a+b+c)/2; A = sqrt(s(s-a)(s-b)*(s-c));