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EVOLUSI DAN PENGERTIAN TEKNOLOGI

Jenis & Klasifikasi Teknologi Tingkat Teknologi

http://ebookbrowse.com/03-evolusidan-pengertian-teknologi-pptd420035061

TIPE TEKNOLOGI

Materials Technology Production Technology Transportation Technology Testing Technology Processing Technology Machining Technology
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI
a.

Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan

b. c. d.

Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi

KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (1)

New technology: new introducted or implemented technology (explicit impact on the way a company produces products or provides services) Emerging technology: not yet fully commercialed but will become so within about five year High technology: refers to advanced or sophisticated technologies
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (2)

Low technology: refers to technologies that have permeated large segments of human society Medium technology: refers to mature technologies Appropriate technology: used to indicate a good match between the technology utilized and the resources required for its optimal use
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (3) [BERDASARKAN UNSUR]

Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang terdapat secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang Lima Unsur Teknologi:
(1) Tecnology of energy conversion and utilization:

Major types of energy useful to man Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy Devices for energy conversion Devices for energy concentration & control Devices for unlimited production of energy

KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (4) [BERDASARKAN UNSUR]


(2) Technology of tools & machines

Hand tools Machines & machine components Machine tools: stationary power-driven machines for shaping & forming parts made of metal or other materials

KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (5) [BERDASARKAN UNSUR]


(3) Technology of measurement, observation & control

Theory of measurement Units & standards of measurement Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement operate Common types of measuring instruments Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research Major systems of measurement & observation Instrumentation & control systems

KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (6) [BERDASARKAN UNSUR]


(4) Technology involved in the extraction & conversion of industrial raw materials

The worlds physical & biological resources Technology of the extraction industries Primary conversion of raw materials

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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (7) [BERDASARKAN UNSUR]


(5) Technology of industrial production processes

Materials processing: the operations that are used to transform industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or products Metallurgy Materials handling in the production process Technology of packaging
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (8) [BERDASARKAN BIDANG]

Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia, tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan kemajuan teknologi Delapan bidang pokok teknologi: (1) Construction technology

General building construction Construction of civil engineering works Pre fabrication & shop fabrication
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (9) [BERDASARKAN BIDANG]


(2) Technology of major industries

Principles of organization of work & production Manufacturing industries The fabrication industries The process industries The construction industries The service industries The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods Industrial research & marketing of consumer goods Industrial research & development Technology of industrial safety
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (10) [BERDASARKAN BIDANG]


(3) Technology of agriculture & food production

Technology of agriculture Crop farming, Flock & stock farming Technology of hunting & fishing Food processing, Food preservation Techniques for controlling the quality of food Food sources & new product development The history of agriculture
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (11) [BERDASARKAN BIDANG]


(4) Transportation technology

Roads & highways & their construction Vehicles & devices for transportation across country & roads & highways Rail transportation Stationary conveyance systems Water transportation Air transportation Air - cushion machines
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (12) [BERDASARKAN BIDANG]


(5) Technology of information processing & of communications systems

Communication & information theory Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers General information recording devices Sound recording & reproducing devices Information recording by the production of visual image: the technology of photography Information processing Major systems of communication Major system of detection & remote sensing Electronic component & techniques used in communications

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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (13) [BERDASARKAN BIDANG]


(6) Technology of the urban community

Basic engineering services of the city Technology of the basic social services of the city Technological responses to new urban problems History of city engineering
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KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (14) [BERDASARKAN BIDANG]


(7) Military technology

Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems Logistic systems Purely defensive equipment & systems

(8) Technology of earth & space exploration

Techniques & equipment of surface & underground exploration Techniques & equipment of space exploration Techniques & equipment & space exploration
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TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI

Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk baru.

Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen) Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly technological goals, new knowledge, complex systems, sophisticated tools of measurement, analysis of abstract thinking.

Tingkat Teknologi: Kemampuan kontrol (9 tingkat).


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TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI: KEMAMPUAN KONTROL


Orders of Automation A(0) Human attribute replaced None: Lever (pengungkit), screw (skrup), pulley (katrol), wedge (baji) Energy: muscles replaced Dexterity (tangkas) : self-feeding Diligence: no feedback Examples Hand tools, manual machine

A(1) A(2) A(3)

Powered machine and tools. Whitneys milling machine (giling) Single-cycle automatics Repeats cycle; open-loop machine control; automatic screw machine; transfer lines Closed loop; numerical control; selfmeasuring andadjusting
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A(4)

Judgment: positional Feedback

TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI: KEMAMPUAN KONTROL


Orders of Automation Human attribute replaced Examples

A(5)

Evaluation: adaptive control deductive analysis: feedback from the process


Learning: by experience Reasoning: exhibits intuition; relates causes from effects Creativeness: performs design unaided Dominance: supermachine; commands others

Computer control; model of process required for analysis and optimization


Limited self-programming expert systems Inductive reasoning; AI Originality Machine is master (Halfrom2001, A Space Odyssey
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A(6) A(7) A(8) A(9)

TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI: KEMAMPUAN KONTROL

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TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI: KEMAMPUAN KONTROL

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