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CHAPTER 9 :
Negative effects
that threaten ecosystems
Deforestation
Landslides Flash Floods Climatic Changes The Loss Of Biodiversity Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Eutrophication
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
OR
The removal of trees from forests.
DEFORESTATION causes :
(a) Soil Erosion, landslides and flash floods
-> Without proper development and planning -> Absence of plant root systems -> Soil structure unstable (make the land infertile) -> When heavy rain, soil crumbles -> Leads to landslides -> When rainy season (long period), flash floods happen
DEFORESTATION causes :
(b) Loss of Biodiversity
-> Likely effects in tropical rainforests -> The removal of the bases of numerous food webs. -> Lost of habitats (Flora & Fauna) -> Extinction of varieties plants & animals
DEFORESTATION causes :
(c) Disruption of Carbon and Nitrogen cycles
-> The level of atmospheric carbon dioxide RISES, as LESS
carbon dioxide in the air is removed by plants during photosynthesis.
HOT
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxide
Lead
Carbon dioxide
Colourless and odourless gas. Sources : -combustion fossil fuel -exhausts of vehicles Effects : -Combines with haemoglobin and affects the transport of oxygen to body cells. -Causes fatigue and headaches.
SO2 formed when sulphuric compounds react with oxygen when combustion. Sources : -Burning of fossil fuels. -Volcanic gases. Effects : -Irritates eyes. -Cause asthmatic attacks. Solution : -Use low sulphur content fuels.
Effects : - Irritates lungs, nose, throat and eyes. -Cause respiratory infections. Solution : -Clean up emissions from car exhausts by installing catalytic converters to turn oxides of nitrogen into harmless nitrogen gas.
A complex mixture of fine liquid droplets/solid particles in the air, such as dust, smoke.
Sources : -Incomplete combustion fossil fuels. Ex: The burning of oil wells and dried paddy stalks. -Motorised vehicles.
Effects : -Irritates the eyes, nose and lungs -Dust cause lung diseases. -Smoke & haze can reduce light intensity. Solution : -More efficient burning of fuels in well designed furnaces. -Stop open burning.
Lung Diseases
Designed Furnaces
Pb added to petrol to prevent inefficient burning of petrol-air mixture. Sources : -Poisonous lead compounds released into atmosphere when fuels burnt. -Vehicle exhaust fumes. Effects : -Damage the liver. -Can result in coma or death.
Acid rain is rain that is more acidic than normal. Acid rain damage involves weather, chemistry, soil, and the life cycles of plants and animals on the land and from acid rain in the water. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are the major sources of acid rain.
The combustion of fossil fuels(coal, air and gas) in factories, power station & domestic boilers releases sulphur dioxide(SO2) and oxides of nitrogen(NO and NO2). SO2 and oxides of nitrogen combine with water vapour in atmosphere to form sulphuric acid & nitric acid. Then they fall to Earth as acid rain. Rain is acidic, with a pH of about 5.6.
Power Dtation
Domestic Boilers
Cleaning up emisions from vehicle exhausts with the use of catalytic converters. To produce less harmful products.
Scrubber
Catalytic Converters
The air pollution index (API) is to measured the air quality. This index is calculated based on the concentrations of major air pollutants.
51-100
101-200 201-300 >300
Moderate
Unhealty Very unhealty Hazardous
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