DC MOTOR

Motor. An electric motor is a machine which converts electric energy into mechanical energy.

Generator. An electric generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD IN A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR

DOT (.) AND CROSS (+) CONCEPT FOR CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR
If you look an arrow from back you will see a cross (+)

If you look an arrow from front you will see a dot (.)

FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE

For Motor Action

FLEMINGS RIGHT HAND RULE

For Generator Action

DC MOTOR WORKING PRINCIPLE

Motor action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Flemings left hand rule and whose magnitude is given by

F = BLI Newton

WHY THE ARMATURE OF A MOTOR ROTATES ?

HOW CAN YOU CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF DC MOTOR ?

CONSTRUCTION
Constructionally there is no basic difference between a DC Generator and a DC Motor. A same DC machine can be used interchangeably as a generator or as a motor.

TYPES OF MOTORS
*********

BACK/ COUNTER EMF

When the motor armature rotates, the conductors also rotate and cut the flux. As soon as the armature starts rotating, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in the armature conductors. The direction of this induced e.m.f. as found by Flemings Right Hand Rule, is outwards i.e. in direct opposition to the applied voltage. This why it is known as back or counter e.m.f. The applied voltage V has to force current through the armature conductor. The electrical work done in overcoming this opposition is converted into mech energy developed in the armature. With out this opposition energy conversion would not have been poss.

BACK E.M.F
BACK E.M.F = ZN/60 x P/A Volts ( N in rpm)

VOLTAGE OR E.M.F EQUATION OF A MOTOR

The voltage V applied across the motor armature need to --- Overcome back EMF Supply the armature ohmic drop Ia Ra V = Eb + Ia Ra This is known as voltage equation

Ia= (V Eb)/Ra,

VOLTAGE OR E.M.F EQUATION OF A MOTOR

V = Eb + Ia Ra VIa = Eb Ia + Ia Ra Where, V Ia = elec input power to armature Eb Ia = elec equivalent mech power developed in armature = Pm = Gross mech power developed in armature Ia Ra = Cu loss in armature It is to be noted that except armature cu loss (Ia Ra), rest input power is converted into mechanical power Pm.

Gross mech power developed in armature , Pm = V Ia - Ia Ra = EbIa

CONDITION FOR MAX POWER

V = Eb + Ia Ra VIa = Eb Ia + Ia Ra Where, V Ia = elec input to armature Eb Ia = elec equivalent mech power developed in armature = Pm = Gross mech power developed in armature Ia Ra = Cu loss in armature It is to be noted that except armature cu loss (Ia Ra), rest is converted into mechanical power Pm. Gross mech power developed in armature , Pm = V Ia - Ia Ra

ASSIGNMENT : Show that for max power, Eb = V/2

TORQUE Torque turning or twisting moment of a force about an axis If r = radius of a pully in meter F= circumferential force in newton acting on it and cause it to rotate at N r.p.s Then Torque, T = F X r N-m

Work done by this force in one revolution, W = Force x Dist = F X 2 r Joule

Power Developed = Work done / sec = FX2rxN =( Fx r ) x 2 N = T x 2 N watt

ARMATURE TORQUE OF A MOTOR

If Ta is the torque developed by the armature of a motor running at N rps Then Power Developed = Ta x 2 N watt The electrical power converted into mechanical power in the armature = Eb Ia watt Now, Ta x 2 N = Eb Ia Ta x 2 N = Z N x P /A X Ia Ta = 0.159 Z N Ia X (P/A ) N-m Ta is proportional to and Ia

LOSSES

Factors Controlling the Motor Speed

We know, BACK E.M.F = ZN/60 x P/A Volts V = Eb + Ia Ra Eb = V Ia Ra = ZN / 60 x P/A (V Ia Ra ) (V Ia Ra ) N= ------------------------ X (A / P) = K -------------------Z Speed of DC motor can be controlled by varying--1. Flux per pole, Flux control method 2. Armature circuit resistance Ra -- Rheostatic Control Method 3. Applied Voltage, V -- Voltage Control Method

Prob. 27.3
A 25 KW, 250 volt DC shunt generator has armature and field resistance of .06 ohm and 100 ohm respectively. Determine the total armature power developed when working (a) as generator delivering 25 KW output and (b) as a motor tacking 25 KW input.

Prac. Prob. 27.1 and 27.2

As Generator

Power Dev 26.25 KW

As Motor

Power Dev in Armature 23.81 KW

Prob. A DC motor takes an armature current of 110 Amp at 480 volts. The armature circuit resistance is o.2 ohm. The machine has 6 pole and armature is lap connected with 864 conductors, the flux per pole is .05 wb. Calcute (a) the speed and (b) the gross torque by the armature.

Prac. Prob. 27.1, 27.4 , 27.5, 27.7 and 27.11

N =636 rpm

Ta = 756.3 N-M