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Chapter 9: Campaigns and Elections

Elections: The Rules of the Game Running for Congress Running for President Money in U.S. Elections Improving Elections

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Chapter Outline and Learning Objective

Elections: The Rules of the Game
LO 9.1 Assess the implications of election rules in the United States.

Running for Congress

LO 9.2 Explain how congressional elections work and why they are generally not competitive.

Running for President

LO 9.3 Outline the stages in U.S. presidential elections and the differences in campaigning at each stage.
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Chapter Outline and Learning Objective

Money in U.S. Elections
LO 9.4 Evaluate the influence of money in American elections and the main approaches to campaign finance reform.

Improving Elections
LO 9.5 Assess concerns regarding presidential elections and reforms that have been proposed.

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Elections: The Rules of the Game

LO 9.1

LO 9.1 Assess the implications of election rules in the United States.

Elections: The Rules of the Game Regularly Scheduled Elections Fixed, Staggered, and Sometimes Limited Terms Term Limits Winner Take All

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Elections: The Rules of the Game

LO 9.1

Elections: The Rules of the Game (cont.) Term Limits Winner Take All

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Elections: The Rules of the Game

LO 9.1

Elections: The Rules of the Game (cont.) The Electoral College

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Running for Congress

LO 9.2

LO 9.2 Explain how congressional elections work and why they are generally not competitive.

Running for Congress Most congressional elections are not close. Competition is more likely when both candidates have adequate funding. Presidential popularity affects both House and Senate races during both presidential and midterm elections.

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Running for Congress

LO 9.2

Running for Congress (cont.) House of Representatives The Senate

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LO 9.2

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LO 9.2

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Running for President

LO 9.3

LO 9.3 Outline the stages in U.S. presidential elections and the differences in campaigning at each stage. Running for President Nomination The National Party Convention The General Election

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Running for President

LO 9.3

Stage 1: Nomination
Presidential hopefuls must make a series of critical tactical decisions. One of the hardest jobs for candidates and their strategists is calculating how to deal with the complex maze of presidential primaries and caucuses that constitutes the delegate selection system. Another decision candidates must make is whether to participate in partial public financing of their campaigns.

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Running for President

LO 9.3

Stage 1: Nomination (cont.) Presidential Primaries Caucuses and Conventions Strategies

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Running for President

LO 9.3

Stage 2: The National Party Convention The delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions assemble at their national party convention. Despite the lack of suspense about who the nominee will be, conventions continue to be major media events. Acceptance speeches provide the nominees with an opportunity to define themselves and their candidacy.
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Running for President

LO 9.3

Stage 2: The National Party Convention (cont.) The Party Platform The Vice Presidential Nominee

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Running for President

LO 9.3

Stage 2: The National Party Convention (cont.) The Value of Conventions Nomination by Petition

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Running for President

LO 9.3

Stage 3: The General Election Presidential Debates Television and Radio Advertising The Outcome

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Money in U.S. Elections

LO 9.4

LO 9.4 Evaluate the influence of money in American elections and the main approaches to campaign finance reform. Money in U.S. Elections Election campaigns cost money, and the methods of obtaining the money have long been controversial. Scandals involving the influence of money on policy are not new.

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Money in U.S. Elections

LO 9.4

Efforts at Reform The Federal Election Campaign Act The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

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Money in U.S. Elections

LO 9.4

Efforts at Reform (cont.) Soft Money Issue Advocacy Advertising

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Money in U.S. Elections

LO 9.4

Efforts at Reform (cont.) Section 527 and 501(c) Organizations Independent Expenditures

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LO 9.4

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LO 9.4

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Money in U.S. Elections

LO 9.4

Continuing Problems with Campaign Finance Rising Costs of Campaigns Declining Competition

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Money in U.S. Elections

LO 9.4

Continuing Problems with Campaign Finance (cont.) Increasing Dependence on PACs for Congressional Incumbents Candidates Personal Wealth Growth in Individual Contributions and Use of the Internet to Fund Campaigns

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Improving Elections

LO 9.5

LO 9.5 Assess concerns regarding presidential elections and reforms that have been proposed. Improving Elections Reforming Campaign Finance Reforming the Nominating Process Reforming the Electoral College

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Improving Elections

LO 9.5

The Importance of Elections Elections matter in a constitutional democracy. Central to the functioning of a constitutional democracy like that in the United States is a system of fair elections that is welladministered. Individual citizens can make a difference in elections in many ways.
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Our electoral system is based on _____terms, meaning the length of a term in office is specified, not indefinite.

LO 9.1

A. B. C. D.

Fixed Staggered Standard Clarified

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Our electoral system is based on _____terms, meaning the length of a term in office is specified, not indefinite.

LO 9.1

A. B. C. D.

Fixed Staggered Standard Clarified

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_______ is more important in a General Election

LO 9.2

A. B. C. D.

Candidate Appeal Partisanship Wealth Issues

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_______ is more important in a general election.

LO 9.2

A. B. C. D.

Candidate appeal Partisanship Wealth Issues

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Which of the following statements is correct?

LO 9.3

A. Voters in primary elections are just like voters in the general election. B. Voters in primary elections are more partisan than voters in the general election. C. Voters in primary elections are usually nonpartisan. D. Voters in primary elections are less partisan than voters in the general election.

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Which of the following statements is correct

LO 9.3

A. Voters in primary elections are just like voters in the general election. B. Voters in primary elections are more partisan than voters in the general election. C. Voters in primary elections are usually nonpartisan. D. Voters in primary elections are less partisan than voters in the general election.

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LO 9.4

________ is money spent by individuals or groups not associated with candidates to elect or defeat candidates for office. A. B. C. D. Soft money Hard money Union money Independent expenditures

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LO 9.4

________ is money spent by individuals or groups not associated with candidates to elect or defeat candidates for office. A. B. C. D. Soft money Hard money Union money Independent expenditures

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LO 9.5

Central to the functioning of a constitutional democracy like that in the United States is

_______________.
A. A system of fair elections B. A two-party system C. A single-member district winner take-all electoral system D. A proportional representation electoral system

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Essential Questions
Write two or three paragraphs detailing what would likely happen to major and minor parties in the US if we adopted proportional representation. (pp. 241-242) List and discuss four reasons why congressional elections are generally not very competitive. (pp. 244248) Choose one potential reform to the current electoral process, and write a brief persuasive essay about why it should or not be adopted. Be sure to address the issue from multiple perspectives. (pp. 268-271)

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LO 9.5

Central to the functioning of a constitutional democracy like that in the United States is ____________________.

A. A system of fair elections B. A two-party system C. A single-member district winner take-all electoral system D. A proportional representation electoral system

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Text Credits
246: From Vital Statistics on American Politics, 2007-2008 by Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi. Copyright 2008 by Stanley and Niemi. Reprinted by permission of CQ Press. 247: From Obama More Popular Abroad Than at Home, Global Image of U.S. Continues to Benefit July 2010, by Pew Global Attitudes Project. Copyright (c) 2010 by Pew Global Attitudes Project, a project of the Pew Research Center. Reprinted with permission. 248: From VITAL STATISTICS ON AMERICAN POLITICS, 2009-2010 by Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi. Copyright (c) 2010 by Stanley and Niemi. Reprinted by permission of CQ Press.

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Photo Credits
240: Mark Weber/Landov 244: Marla Brose/Albuquerque Journal/AP Photo 248: Ben Margot/AP Photo 255: Mark Wilson/Newscom 256: William Thomas Cain/Getty Images 257: Carlos Barria/Landov 261: to come 263: Teri Stratford/Six-Cats Research Inc. 266: Getty Images 270: Richard Clement/Landov

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