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Learning is a relatively permanent change in human capabilities that is not a result of growth processes.
Maturation is a change that occurs as a result of genetic programming, given the normal range of environment.
Theories of Learning are sets of conjectures and hypotheses that explain the process of learning or how learning takes place.
Behavioral Theories of Learning Concentrates on actual behavior and bases conclusions on observations of external manifestations of learning.
Behavioral Theories of Learning 1.Ivan Pavlovs Classical Conditioning 2.Edward Lee Thorndikes Connectionism 3.Burrhus Frederick Skinners Reinforcement and Operant Conditioning 4.Albert Banduras Social Observational Learning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING focuses on the learning of involuntary emotional or physiological responses. Using its principles, organisms can be trained to react involuntarily to a stimulus that previously had no effect or had a very different effect on them.
Help students to risk anxiety-producing situations voluntarily and successfully. Link learning with positive emotions. Help students recognize differences and similarities among situations so that they can discriminate and generalize appropriately.
Connectionism states that learning takes place through bonds or connections that are formed between the stimulus and response. These connections occur mainly through trial and error. Learning happens through selecting and connecting.
Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Learning-- states that learning occurs through rewards and punishments of active behavior. Voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents.
Presentation Punishment decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following a behavior. Removal Punishment decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior.
Continuous Reinforcement reinforcement always follow a particular desired behavior. Partial Reinforcement (Intermittent Reinforcement) desired behavior is reinforced only some of the time.
SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS involves rewarding behavior that comes closer and closer to the desired behavior.
Social/Observational Learning states that learning takes place through observation and imitation of others. Social Cognitive Theory adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, selfperceptions, and expectations to social learning theory.