Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Definitions Biological Process of Hearing Two Types of Hearing Loss
Conductive Hearing Loss Sensory Hearing Loss
Definitions
Sound:
Composed of Frequency and Intensity
Frequency or pitch:
Hertz (Hz)
Intensity or loudness:
Decibels (dBA)
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Regulatory Levels
Continuous noise
85 dBA, 8 hour TWA - Action Level
hearing conservation program training medical monitoring
Audiometric Testing
Audiogram
Measures how loud a sound has to be before you can hear it Comparing current to previous audiograms
Shows if hearing loss has occurred and at which frequencies
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Measuring Noise
Sound Level Meter - Instant reading
grab sample Quest 215
Dosimeter - TWA
noise exposure is integrated over time Quest 7 B Du Pont MK 1, 2, 3
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Earplugs
Advantages:
small and lightweight comfortable in hot environments easily used with other safety equipment
Disadvantages:
may become loose and require occasional refitting frequently soiled
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Earmuffs
Advantages:
fits better for longer periods of time
Disadvantages:
may fit tight on your head uncomfortable in warm environments effectiveness is limited to the quality of the seal around your ear
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Hearing Protection
Make sure that the earmuffs fit snugly around your ears Use earplugs if you wear glasses, earrings, or have facial hair which prevent the earmuffs from forming a good seal
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Earmuffs:
store them in a clean, cool, dry place inspect your earmuffs for cracks around the foam cups.
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IONIZING RADIATION
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OBJECTIVES
Ionizing Radiation Characteristics Radiological Response Biological Consequences / Health Effects Regulations/Standards Radiation Protection/Controls Instrumentation Types of radiation
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RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Spills of Radioactive Material
Stop the spill, Warn others of the spill, Isolate the area and Minimize exposure to radiation
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SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Natural Sources (81%) 55% - Radon 8% - Cosmic 8% - Terrestrial (coal, crude oil & natural gas, phosphate rock products, sand, hot springs & caves) 10% - Food & Water (i.e., Potassium-40)
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SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Man-made Sources (19%) 11% - Medical X-ray (-rays) 4% - Nuclear Medical Exposures 3% - Consumer Products <1% - Other Sources (occupational sources, nuclear fallout, nuclear fall cycle radioactive waste, hospital radioactive waste, radioactively contaminated sites, etc.)
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SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
For the U.S. population, average annual total effective dose (natural & anthropogenic) is approximately 360 mrem (0.360 rem). For the general public, the exposure limit is 0.1 rem/year or 2 mrem/hr.
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REGULATIONS/STANDARDS
Worker Limits - Adults Only:
Radiation workers (Fed & State) = 5 rem/year Total Effective Dose = 5 rem/year
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TYPES OF RADIATION
Alpha
U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Ra-226, Po-210, Am241
Beta
H-3, C-14, S-35, Pu-241 (low-energy) P-32, Sr-90, I-131 (medium to high energy) Also includes partial gamma (I-131) Other Gamma (Cs-137, Co-60, Ir-192
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RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS
Time: Exposure increases linearly with an increase in the amount of time spent. Reduce the time of exposure to a minimum ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) Shielding: Lead and concrete - absorbs the radiation.
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RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS
Distance:
Dose rate is inversely proportional to the distance squared from the source.
I1 = I2(D2/D1)2
where: I1 = is the intensity at a distance D1, and I2 = is the intensity at a distance D2
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RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS
PPE:
Prevent contamination of particles on the surface of the skin The use of shield layers such as eye shield and gloves prevents particles from depositing on the body and shields by absorption.
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INSTRUMENTATION
Example: Ludlum 3 (, , and )
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INSTRUMENTATION
Example: Ludlum 19 ( and x-ray)
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INSTRUMENTATION
Example: SAIC Dosimeters ()
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REGULATORY AGENCIES
California Dept. of Health Services, Radiation Branch: State Regulatory
Ergonomics
A quick overview
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Ergonomics
The study of interactions between humans and their working environment
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Ergonomics
Examples:
Carpal tunnel syndrome - compressed median nerve due to swelling of the tendon sheath
Prolonged flexing of the wrist - typing
Ergonomics
Lifting, protect the back!
Keep back straight Forced to lift with legs Exponential increases with leaning over to pick up Pivot point, lower back Think, do not use jerky rapid motion Do not twist Do not raise above shoulders
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Ergonomics
Tools, protect the hand (wrist)
Keep writs straight with respect to the arm, no bending Encircled tool should not allow fingers to touch palm Vary tasks, avoid doing something repetitively without breaks Keep shoulder relaxed and elbow at the side of the body
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Ergonomics
Universal Key Points
Avoid sustained repetitive motions Flex joints minimally Work between shoulder and elbow height Use good illumination Do only what is comfortable, not pushing to the limits Use good posture
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QUESTIONS?
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