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Prepared By :
Sayed Salah Sayed Under Help Of : The Group Of drive project
Harmonics is a term used to describe the shape or characteristic of a voltage or current waveform with respect to the fundamental frequency in an electrical distribution system
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Figure 1 : Fundamental Sine Wave Figure 2 : 5th Harmonic with Frequency = 5 times fundamental frequency
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Figure 3 : Combination of the above two waveforms results in a distorted sine wave
Current distortion causes Voltage distortion Voltage distortion is created by pulling distorted current through an impedance Amount of voltage distortion depends on:
System impedance Amount of distorted current pulled through the impedance If either increases, VTHD will increase
Expected Harmonics
Harmonic Spectrum
Inverter
Filter
Input rectifier converts AC line voltage to fixed voltage DC. Most Drives use 6 Pulse Diode Bridge Rectifiers DC voltage is filtered to reduce ripple caused by rectification. 6-Pulse generate 5,7,11,13,17,19,23,25 etc.. . harmonics Inverter changes fixed voltage DC to adjustable AC voltage and frequency which is fed to the motor.
Current only flows when AC supply voltage is greater than capacitor voltage. Current is distorted with high harmonic content.
AC Supply To Load
Problems : Reduced Power Factor - Heats cables which must be over-sized Distorted Voltage - Reduced efficiency of motors E.M. Interference Neutral Burn Out in 3 Phase 4 wire Systems
Fourier Analysis : Any periodic waveform may be split up into sinewaves at the fundamental frequency and multiples of that frequency (Harmonics).
Fourier Analysis
Increased line losses- I2R Wasted generation capacity Wasted distribution/transformer capacity Wasted system capacity Reduced system efficiency Increased maximum demand and related charges Possible power factor charges Increased maintenance of equipment and machinery Wasted energy/High electric bill Wasted investment and operating capital
With PFCC
Problems due to HarmonicsOverheating of transformers and rotating equipment Increased Hysteresis losses Neutral overloading/unacceptable neutral-to-ground voltages Distorted voltage and current wave forms Failed capacitor banks Fuses and Breaker tripping Unreliable operation of electronic equipment and generators Erroneous resister of electric meters Wasted energy/High electric bill
HARMO NICS
F unda m e nta l h3 h5 h7 S um
Amplitude
Time
In discontinuous conduction situations non-linear loads contribute an infinite number of odd and even harmonic currents. Harmonic currents are multiples of the fundamental frequency (60Hz) that are greater than the fundamental frequency.
Harmonics
Prepared By : Alaa Hussien Mahmoud Under Help Of : The Group Of drive project
Harmonics
Prepared By : Mohamed Ali Abd EL Gawad Under Help Of : The Group Of drive project
Harmonics
Prepared By :
Mohamed Ragab Hamada