CHINA

1840 onwards
(Emergence of Modern China)
Presented by:

Group 2
(Michael, Raj, Kimothi & Bhushan)

QING DYNASTY (1644 -1911)

QING DYNASTY (1644 -1911)

The age of Qing Dynasty is - not only in the eyes of Westerners, but also in the mind of Chinese - a period of prosperity, of decay, of stagnation, of revolution, of lazyness and of challenges that came upon a population that seemed to sleep a beauty's sleep of Confucian social ethics in a paradise where a wise ruler governed over a satisfied and happy population, and on the other side a society that was bound by rules of a backward social

thinking. Qing Dynasty is also the last Imperial dynasty to rule China.
There were three great emperors during this period Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong.

REIGNS OF EMPERORS OF QING DYNASTY

Order Name Achievements Reign Time 1616 1626 1626 1643 1643 1661 1661 1722

Emperor Taizu
Emperor Taizong Emperor Shunzhi Emperor Kangxi

Founder of the Latter Jin regime which later turned into the Qing regime; He created the military organization called Banner System.
The eighth son of Nurhachu; actually the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He moved the capital to Shenyang. Son of Huang Taiji; In his reign, the Qing army defeated the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) and moved the capital into Beijing. The third son of Emperor Shunzhi; One of the greatest emperors in the Qing Dynasty; His reign was the beginning of the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.

2 3

REIGNS OF EMPERORS OF QING DYNASTY

Order Name Achievements Reign Time 1722 1735 1735 1796 1796 1820 1820 1850

5 6 7

The fourth son of Emperor Kangxi; A fairly wise and Emperor competent emperor who maintained the prosperity of Yongzheng the Qing Dynasty
Emperor Qianlong Emperor Jiaqing Emperor Daoguang Son of Emperor Yongzheng; Inheriting the prosperity brought by his predecessors, his reign reached the zenith. Son of Emperor Qianlong; He prosecuted the infamous corrupt official, He Shen, who used to be a favorite chancellor of Emperor Qianlong. Son of Emperor Jiaqing; His reign saw the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1840, from which China entered the modern history.

REIGNS OF EMPERORS OF QING DYNASTY

Order Name Emperor Xianfeng Emperor Tongzhi Emperor Guangxu Emperor Xuantong (Puyi) Achievements Reign Time 1850 1861 1861 1875 1875 1908

9 10 11

Son of Emperor Daoguang; In his reign, the Qing Dynasty apparently began to decline. The well-known Taiping Rebellion broke out in that period.
Son of Emperor Xianfeng and Empress Dowager Cixi; died early Grandson of Emperor Daoguang; a progressive emperor who tried lots of methods to save the declining Qing Dynasty

12

The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the last feudal 1908 monarch of China; He was imprisoned at Shenyang till 1911 1959 when Chairman Mao remitted him.

IMPORTANT EVENTS
The Opium War (1839-42) Taiping Rebellion (1851-64) Hundred Days Reforms

THE OPIUM WAR (1839 -42)

THE OPIUM WAR (1839 -42)

Cause During the eighteenth century, the market in Europe and America for tea, a new drink in the West, expanded greatly. Additionally, there was a continuing demand for Chinese silk and

porcelain. But China, still in its preindustrial stage, wanted little that the West had to
offer, causing the Westerners, mostly British, to incur an unfavorable balance of trade. To remedy the situation, the foreigners developed a third-party trade, exchanging their merchandise in India and Southeast Asia for raw materials and semi-processed goods, which found a ready market in Guangzhou. By the early nineteenth century, raw cotton and opium () from India had become the staple British imports into China, in spite of the fact that opium was prohibited entry by imperial decree. The opium traffic was made possible through the connivance of profit-seeking merchants and a corrupt bureaucracy.

THE OPIUM WAR (1839 -42)

The War In 1839 the Qing government, after a decade of unsuccessful anti-opium campaigns, adopted

drastic prohibitory laws against the opium trade. The emperor dispatched a commissioner,
Lin Zexu ( 1785-1850), to Guangzhou to suppress illicit opium traffic. Lin seized illegal stocks of opium owned by Chinese dealers and then detained the entire foreign community and confiscated and destroyed some 20,000 chests of illicit British opium. The British retaliated with a punitive expedition, thus initiating the first Anglo-Chinese war, better known as the Opium War (1839-42). Unprepared for war and grossly underestimating the capabilities of the enemy, the Chinese were disastrously defeated, and their image of their own imperial power was tarnished beyond repair.

THE OPIUM WAR (1839 -42)

Outcome The Treaty of Nanjing (1842), signed on board a British warship by two Manchu imperial commissioners and the British plenipotentiary, was the first of a series of agreements with the Western trading nations later called by the Chinese the "unequal treaties." Under the Treaty of Nanjing, China ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British; abolished the licensed monopoly system of trade; opened 5 ports to British residence and foreign trade; limited the tariff on trade to 5 percent ad valorem; granted British nationals extraterritoriality (exemption from Chinese laws); and paid a large indemnity. In addition,

Britain was to have most-favored-nation treatment, that is, it would receive whatever trading concessions
the Chinese granted other powers then or later. The Treaty of Nanjing set the scope and character of an unequal relationship for the ensuing century of what the Chinese would call "national humiliations." The treaty was followed by other incursions, wars, and treaties that granted new concessions and added new privileges for the foreigners.

THE TAIPING REBELLION (1851-64)

THE TAIPING REBELLION (1851-64)

Cause During the mid-nineteenth century, China's problems were compounded by natural calamities of unprecedented proportions, including droughts, famines, and floods. Government neglect of public works was in part responsible for this and other disasters, and the Qing administration did little to relieve the widespread misery caused by them. Economic tensions, military defeats at Western hands, and antiManchu sentiments all combined to produce widespread unrest, especially in the

south. South China had been the last area to yield to the Qing conquerors and the first to be
exposed to Western influence. It provided a likely setting for the largest uprising in modern Chinese history--the Taiping Rebellion.

THE TAIPING REBELLION (1851-64) The Rebellion

The Taiping rebels were led by Hong Xiuquan ( 1814-64), a village teacher and unsuccessful imperial examination candidate. Hong formulated an eclectic ideology combining the ideals of pre-Confucian utopianism with Protestant beliefs. He soon had a following in the thousands who were heavily antiManchu and anti-establishment. Hong's followers formed a military organization to protect against bandits and recruited troops not only among believers but also from among other armed peasant groups and secret societies. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprising in Guizhou () Province. Hong proclaimed the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace ( or Taiping Tianguo) with himself as king. The new order was to reconstitute a legendary ancient state in which the peasantry owned and tilled the land in common;

slavery, concubinage, arranged marriage, opium smoking, footbinding, judicial torture, and the worship of idols
were all to be eliminated. The Taiping tolerance of the esoteric rituals and quasi-religious societies of south China-themselves a threat to Qing stability--and their relentless attacks on Confucianism--still widely accepted as the moral foundation of Chinese behavior--contributed to the ultimate defeat of the rebellion. Its advocacy of radical social reforms alienated the Han Chinese scholar-gentry class. The Taiping army, although it had captured Nanjing and driven as far north as Tianjin , failed to establish stable base areas.

THE TAIPING REBELLION (1851-64)

Outcome The movement's leaders found themselves in a net of internal feuds, defections, and corruption. Additionally, British and French forces, being more willing to deal with the weak Qing administration than contend with the uncertainties of a Taiping regime, came to the assistance of the imperial army. To defeat the rebellion, the Qing court needed, besides Western help, an army stronger and more popular than the demoralized imperial forces. In 1860, scholar-official Zeng Guofan ( 1811-72), from Hunan Province, was appointed imperial commissioner and governor-general of the Taiping-controlled territories and placed in command of the war against the rebels. Zeng's Hunan army, created and paid for by local taxes, became a powerful new fighting force under the command of eminent scholar-generals. Zeng's success gave new power to an emerging Han Chinese elite and eroded Qing authority. Simultaneous uprisings in north China (the Nian Rebellion) and southwest China (the Muslim Rebellion) further demonstrated Qing weakness. Finally Chinese army succeeded in crushing the revolt, however, 14 years had passed, and well over 30 million people were reported killed.

HUNDRED DAY REFORM

HUNDRED DAY REFORM

Cause

In the 103 days from June 11 to September 21, 1898, the Qing emperor,
Guangxu ( 1875-1908), ordered a series of reforms aimed at making sweeping social and institutional changes. This effort reflected the thinking of a group of progressive scholar-reformers who had impressed the court with the urgency of making innovations for the nation's survival. Influenced by the Japanese success with modernization, the reformers declared that China needed more than "self-strengthening" and that innovation must be accompanied by institutional and ideological change.

HUNDRED DAY REFORM

Reforms
The imperial edicts for reform covered a broad range of subjects, including stamping out corruption and remaking, among other things, the academic and civil-service examination systems, legal system,

governmental structure, defense establishment, and postal services. The

edicts attempted to modernize agriculture, medicine, and mining and to promote practical studies instead of Neo-Confucian orthodoxy. The court also planned to send students abroad for firsthand observation and

technical studies. All these changes were to be brought about under a de

facto constitutional monarchy.

 Outcome

HUNDRED DAY REFORM

Opposition to the reform was intense among the conservative ruling elite, especially the Manchus, who, in condemning the announced reform as too radical, proposed instead a more moderate and gradualist course of change. Supported by ultraconservatives and with the tacit support of the political opportunist Yuan Shikai ( 1859-1916), Empress Dowager Ci Xi engineered a coup d'tat on September 21, 1898, forcing the young reform-minded Guangxu

into seclusion. Ci Xi took over the government as regent. The Hundred Days' Reform ended
with the rescindment of the new edicts and the execution of six of the reform's chief advocates. In the decade that followed, the court belatedly put into effect some reform measures. These included the abolition of the moribund Confucian-based examination, educational and military

modernization patterned after the model of Japan, and an experiment, if half-hearted, in

constitutional and parliamentary government. The suddenness and ambitiousness of the reform effort actually hindered its success. One effect, to be felt for decades to come, was the establishment of new armies, which, in turn, gave rise to war-lordism.

1890 1920 (IMPORTANT EVENTS)

1861-95 1894-95 1899 1900 1905 1908 1911 1917 1919 The Self-Strengthening Movement Sino-Japanese War US Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion. China vs. Eight Powers Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary Alliance Deaths of Cixi and Guangxu Revolution by Sun Yat-sens followers(Qing dynasty falls Republic of China) World War 1 Treaty of Versailles

1919

May Fourth Movement

SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT
Series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers. 1861-95 : Period of institutional reforms. Regain sovereignty. Integrate Western and Chinese Culture. Learn the superior technology of the barbarian, in order to control him- Wei Yuan Chinese learning for fundamentals, Western learning for practical application Zhang Zhdong Weaponry Modern Military Forces Increase national wealth through industrialization Outcome Didnt work well for lack of government support. Chinas defeat by Japan in 1895 ended the movement.

FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR

1 August 1894 17 April 1895 Control of Korea Failure of the attempts to modernize its military Outcome Ended the centuries-old Chinese control over Korea Regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan Ended the Self Strengthening movement Catalyst for a series of revolutions and political changes led by Sun Yat-Sen Hundred Days of Reform

OPEN DOOR POLICY

Partition of China by the European powers and Japan seemed imminent, US felt its commercial interests in China threatened 1899- The US gets in the game with the Open Door policy in which all will be able to trade, none exclusively.

THE BOXER REBELLION

1900- Approved and encouraged by the Empress Ci Xi, these Boxers attack foreigners in what is known as the Boxer Rebellion. Several hundred foreigners are killed and the Europeans send 25,000 troops to extract their people. Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing. Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 ended the uprising. Indemnity of 67 million pounds. Though the Boxer Rebellion failed but it did enough to stir up national pride within China itself. Govern China was through the Chinese dynasty, instead of direct dealing with the Chinese people.

Outcome

SUN YAT-SEN
1905 - Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary Alliance Hoping to establish govt. based on the Three Peoples Principles of: 1. 2. 3. Nationalism free China from foreign domination Democracy representative government Peoples Livelihood economic security for all Chinese

1908 Deaths of Cixi and Guangxu last emperor (Henry Puyi) was an infant

People dissatisfied with governments inability to throw

foreigners out, initiated the Revolution of 1911, replacing Qing Dyasty (est 1644) with the Republic of China headed by Sun Yatsen.

Brought down by internal rebellions as well as government

corruption.

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)

SUN YAT-SEN (CONT )

Sun Yat-sen took over the government, but his government was powerless due to the control of local military strongmen called warlords. In March of 1912 Sun Yat-sen resigned and a powerful warlord, Yuan Shikai, took over.
Yuan attempted to reinstate an imperial system with himself as emperor causing Sun to start one of Chinas first political parties, Kuomintang or KMT. Sun fought hard to establish a democracy but was largely unsuccessful until the 1920s.

Reasons For China to Join

WORLD WAR I

Reassert its strength before Japan. - Japanese invasion of Tsingtao and their 21 Demands (1915) that would have made China a Japanese protectorate. - An opportunity to seize territory French ship Athos was sunk in the Mediterranean Germanys unrestricted Submarine warfare campaign Place at the post-war bargaining table In 1917, China entered World War I on the side of the allies. Although China did not see any military action, it provided resources in the form of labourers that worked in allied mines and factories. Outcome The announcement of the Paris Peace Conference. China sights on settling the peace

TREATY OF VERSAILLES
1919 The Treaty of Versailles ignored Chinas plea to end concessions and foreign control of China. Japan gains territory & privileges previously belonging to Germany in China.
Outcome

Student-led protest movement May Fourth Movement

MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT

May 4, 1919 Students demonstrated in Peking in protest of the Treaty of Versailles. Slogan: Down with the Imperialists Helped China by promoting science and making Chinese adopt a new easier form of writing. Becomes a Nationalist Movement - Spreads to other cities. - Nationalism & anti-imperialist sentiment grow.

MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT

Create broad based coalition Force release of imprisoned students. Dismissal of Japanese officials from govt. Reformers turn against Sun Yat-sens
Outcome

belief in western democracy. Becomes a Nationalist Movement - Spreads to other cities. - Nationalism & anti-imperialist sentiment grow. Foundation for the forming of the Communist Party of China (CCP).

HISTORY HIGHLIGHTS (1920 1949)

A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 on following the Hsin-Hai
Revolution, which itself began with the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911, replacing the Qing Dynasty and ending over two thousand years of imperial rule in China. From its founding until 1949 it was based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to A) Warlordism (191528) ( when the country was divided among military cliques, a division that continued until the fall of the Nationalist government in the mainland China regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu, Yunnan, and Xinjiang.)

HISTORY EVENTS (1920 1949) (CONT .)

B) Japanese invasion (193745) (first in 1894,raised 21 demands & US helps to maintain its sovereignty). C) Chinese Civil War (192749) (Reason fight between KMT (Kuomintang) & CPC

(Communist party of china) for control of each others territory), with central authority
strongest during the Nanjing Decade (192737), when most of China came under the control of the Kuomintang (KMT) under an authoritarian single-party state. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan and its island groups to the Allied Forces, and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control.

F O U N D I N G O F C O M M U N I S T PA R T Y O F CHINA
The Communist Party of China (CPC), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the world's largest political party. While not a governing body recognized by the PRC's constitution, the Party's position as the supreme political authority and power in the PRC is realized through its control of all state apparatuses and of the

legislative process.
The Communist Party of China was founded in May 1920 in Shanghai, and came to rule all of mainland China after defeating its rival the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. The party's 70 million

members constitute 5.5% of the total population of mainland China.

NANJING DECADE
After Sun's death in March 1925, Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of the KMT. In 1926, Chiang led the Northern Expedition through China with the intention of defeating the warlords and unifying the country. Chiang received the help of the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communists; however, he soon dismissed his Soviet advisors. He was convinced, not without reason, that they wanted to get rid of the KMT (also known as the Nationalists) and take over control. Chiang decided to strike first and purged the Communists, killing thousands of them. At the same time, other violent conflicts were taking place in China; in the South, where the Communists were in superior numbers, Nationalist supporters were being massacred. These events eventually led to the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and Communists. Chiang Kai-shek pushed the Communists into the interior as he sought to destroy them, and established a government with Nanking as its capital in 1927.By 1928, Chiang's army overturned the Beiyang government and unified the entire nation, at least nominally, beginning the so-called Nanjing Decade.

 In the 1930s, China was a divided country. In 1927 Chiang Kai-Shek had formed a Nationalist Government the Kuomintang (the KMT), but his dictatorial regime was opposed by Mao Tse Tungs Communists (CCP). Civil war between the Communists and Nationalists erupted in 1930 the period of Maos legendary Long March. In 1931, Japan, eager for the vast natural resources to be found in China and seeing her obvious weakness, invaded and occupied Manchuria. It was turned into a nominally independent state called Manchukuo, but the Chinese Emperor who ruled it was a puppet of the Japanese.

SECOND SINO -JAPANESE WAR

SECOND SINO-JAPAN WAR (CONT .)

In the 1930s the Chinese suffered continued territorial encroachment
from the Japanese, using their Manchurian base. The whole north of the country was gradually taken over. The official strategy of the KMT was to secure control of China by defeating her internal enemies first (Communists and various warlords), and only then turning attention to the defence of the frontier. This meant the Japanese encountered virtually no resistance, apart from some popular uprisings by Chinese

peasants which were brutally suppressed.

SECOND SINO -JAPANESE WAR (CONT )

In 1937 skirmishing between Japanese and Chinese troops on the frontier led to what became known as the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. This fighting sparked a full-blown conflict, the Second Sino-Japanese War. Under the terms of the Sian

Agreement, the Chinese Nationalists (KMT) and the CCP now agreed to fight
side by side against Japan. China was receiving aid from US, France & Britain including Germany. Although the Japanese quickly captured all key Chinese ports and industrial

centres,including cities such as the Chinese capital Nanking and Shanghai, CCP
and KMT forces continued resisting.

SECOND SINO -JAPANESE WAR (CONT )

In the brutal conflict, both sides used scorched earth tactics. Massacres and atrocities were common. The most infamous came after the fall of Nanking in December 1937, when Japanese troops slaughtered an estimated 300,000 civilians and raped 80,000 women. Many thousands of Chinese were killed in the indiscriminate bombing of cities by the Japanese air

force. Warfare of this nature led, by the wars end, to an estimated 10 to 20 million Chinese
civilians deaths. By 1940, the war descended into stalemate. The Japanese seemed unable to force victory, nor the Chinese to evict the Japanese from the territory they had conquered. But western intervention in the form of economic sanctions (most importantly oil) against Japan would transform the nature of the war. It was in response to these sanctions that Japan decided to attack America at Pearl Harbor, and so initiate World War II.

P O S T WO R L D WA R - I I & TA K E OV E R O F TA I WA N
During World War II the United States emerged as a major player in Chinese affairs. As an ally it helped hard-pressed Nationalist Government in late 1941 for massive military and financial aid. New agreement between US & ROC was signed in 1943 for stationing of American troops in china for common war efforts against japan. Friendship intensified & US reopened the Chinese immigration to US. The wartime policy of the United States was initially to help China become a strong ally and a stabilizing force in postwar East Asia. As the conflict between the KMT and the Communists intensified, however, the United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival forces for a more

effective anti-Japanese war effort. According to the Potsdam Declaration, the transfer of sovereignty
over Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China occurred on 25 October 1945 (Retrocession Day).

P O S T WO R L D WA R - I I & TA K E OV E R O F TA I WA N ( C O N T )
Though US could calm the grudge between KMT & Communist, but battles soon resumed. Public opinion of the ADMINISTRATIVE INCOMPETENCE ,INFLATION & CORRUPTION of the Republic of China government was escalated and incited by the Communists in the nationwide student

protest against mishandling of a rape accusation in early 1947 and another national protest against
monetary reforms later that year. The Chinese Civil War became more widespread. The United States aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans and weapons but no combat support. By late 1948 the Kuomintang position was bleak. In January 1949 Beijing was taken by the Communists without a fight. Between April and November major cities passed from Kuomintang to Communist control with minimal resistance. Finally, on 1 October 1949, Communists founded the People's Republic of China. After 1 October 1949 Chiang Kai-shek and a few hundred thousand Republic of China troops and two million refugees, predominantly from the government and business community, fled from mainland China to Taiwan; there remained in China itself only isolated pockets of resistance. On 7 December 1949 Chiang proclaimed Taipei, Taiwan, the temporary capital of the Republic of China.

GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT

E C O N O MIC D E V E L O P MEN T ( 1920 1950)

Chinese economy was struggling & was going through very bad phase due to frequent wars , political instability & change of government (Yuan shikai). After the Kuomintang reunified the country in 1927, China entered a period of relative prosperity despite civil war and Japanese aggression. In 1937, the

Japanese invaded and laid China to waste in eight years of war. The era also
saw the first boycott of Japanese products. China's industries developed and grew from 1927 to 1931. Though badly hit by the Great Depression from 1931 to 1935 and Japan's occupation of

Manchuria in 1931, industrial output recovered by 1936.

By 1936, industrial output had recovered and surpassed its previous peak in 1931 prior to the Great Depression's effects on China.

E C O N O MI C D E V E L O P M ENT ( 1920 1950)(CONT)

In 1932, China's GDP peaked at 28.8 billion By 1930, foreign investment in China totaled 3.5 billion, with Japan leading (1.4 billion) and the United Kingdom at 1 billion. However, the rural economy was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s, in which an overproduction of agricultural goods lead to massive falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, imports of rice in China amounted to 21 million bushels compared with 12 million in 1928. This increased competition lead to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices (which were cheaper) and thus the income of rural farmers. Rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels by 1934 in some areas. In 1937, Japan invaded China and the resulting warfare laid waste to China & destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. Development of industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20% capacity and had 25% of the output of pre-war China.

E C O N O MI C D E V E L O P M ENT ( 1920 1950) (CONT)

One effect of the war was a massive increase in government control of

industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However,

the ROC government took control of many industries in order to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to control and supervise firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70% of the capital of Chinese industry were owned by the government. Following the war with Japan, Chiang acquired Taiwan from Japan and renewed his struggle with the communists. However, the corruption of the KMT, as well as hyperinflation as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists.

1950-TILL DATE
MAO PERIOD 1949-1976

POST MAO PERIOD-1976-TILL DATE

MAO PERIOD-(1949-1976)
FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN

GREAT LEAP FORWARD

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

ARREST OF GANG OF FOUR

POST MAO -(1976-TILL DATE)

DE-COLLECTIVIZATION OF AGRICULTURE

LIBERALIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION

FOREIGN INVESTMENT & INDUSTRIALIZATION

DEVELOPMENTS POST DENG

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