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WCDMA RNP CW Test and Propagation Model Tuning


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Introduction

CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an important step of Propagation Model Tuning. According to the CW test data (including latitude/longitude and received level) and corresponding Digital maps, we can get the accurate Propagation Model through tuning.

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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation

and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

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Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of Radio

Propagation
Section 2 Principle of

Propagation Model Tuning


Section 3 Purpose of CW Test Section 4 Basic Principle of CW

Test

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Radio Waveband Classification


Frequency 3-30Hz 30-300Hz 300-3000Hz 3-30KHz 30-300KHz 300-3000KHz 3-30MHz 30-300MHz 300-3000MHz 3-30GHz 30-300GHz 300-3000GHz
Frequencies in different bands have different propagation characteristics.

Classification Extremely Low Frequency Voice Frequency Very-low Frequency Low Frequency Medium Frequency High Frequency Very High Frequency Ultra High Frequency Super High Frequency Extremely High Frequency

Designation ELF VF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

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Generation of Electromagnetic Wave


Based on Maxwell equations set: The variable magnetic field can excite eddy electric field and variable electric field can also excite eddy magnetic field. Continuous electromagnetic oscillation (electromagnetic wave) forms due to mutual excitation of alternating electric and magnetic field. The speed of electromagnetic wave only varies with electric and magnetic characteristics of medium. The propagation speed of electric microwave in vacuum equals that of light in vacuum. Light and electromagnetic wave are essentially the same. Light is electromagnetic wave of a certain wavelength.

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Oscillator

Magnetic field Electric field

Magnetic field

Electric field Transmission direction of electric wave

Electric field

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Propagation Path

Perpendicular incidence wave and ground reflection wave (most common propagation modes)

Troposphere reflection wave (the propagation is very random)

Mountain diffraction wave (shadow area signal source)


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Ionosphere refraction wave (beyond-the-horizon communication path)

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Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave


Ripple in the pond: Energy is propagated around from the source point and gradually weakens. Electromagnetic wave is similarly propagated except that (when the radiation source is isotropically effective ideal point source):

It is propagated in the form of spherical wave in three-dimension space.


The propagation media are different, including air, obstacle and reflector.

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Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Electric wave propagation system of Land Mobile Communications

LOS and NLOS

Radio propagation in actual environment

Reflected wave of building Diffracted wave Direct wave Reflected wave on the ground HUAWEI Confidential
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Characteristics of Radio Channels


Pr (dBm)
Radio channels vary with users position and time. Multipath scattering and obstruction result in acute changes to received power. Fast fading Slow fading

-20
-40

Slow fading -60 Attenuation: Pr is in direct proportion to 1/dn. Shadow: obstructed by barriers Fast fading Multipath effect Fast changes to signal strength at small distance and time interval Doppler frequency shift Delay spread
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10

20

30

d (m)

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Diversity Technology
Measures against fast fading- diversity technologies
Explicit diversity
Space diversity Polarization diversity Frequency diversityGSM-frequency hopping; WCDMA-spread spectrum

Implicit diversity
Implicit diversity uses signal processing technologies to hide diversity functions into signals under transmission, such as RAKE reception technology, interleaving and error code correction. Regarded as time diversity

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Delay Spread
Multipath propagation: Signals on different paths reach the receiver at different time. When the receiver fails to distinguish multipath signals, co-channel interference (CCI) occurs. In the WCDMA system, only the multipath delay larger than one chip period (0.26s) can be recognized. Typical value (s): Open < 0.2, Suburban = 0.5, Urban = 3
Solutions Equalization and RAKE technology

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Doppler Frequency Shift


Example of Doppler effect: A train is passing by you.

Doppler frequency shift in Mobile Communications


f1 f3 f2

V(km/h)

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Loss
Diffraction loss T T R R Penetration loss

Clutter loss

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Penetration Loss
Indoor signals depend on penetration loss of building. Signals are different at the indoor window and in the middle of room. Building materials have great effect on penetration loss. The reference angle of electromagnetic wave have great effect on penetration loss.
w1 0 0 d D w2 0 0

E2

E1
WdBm XdBm
Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic wave through the wall
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Penetration loss=X-W=B dB

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Penetration Loss
Obstacle/penetration loss is:
Partition obstruction: 520dB Floor obstruction: 20dB Obstruction of furniture and other barriers: 215dB Thick glass: 610dB Penetration loss of the carriage of the train: 1530dB Penetration loss of lift: 30dB or so Loss of thick leaves: 10dB

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Reflection Loss

Ground type Equivalent ground reflection coefficient

Water

Paddy field

Field

City, mountain and forest

0.91 01

0.60.8 2 4

0.30.5 610

0.10.2 1420

Reflection loss (dB)

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Radio Propagation Environment

Radio propagation environment determines the propagation models directly. And propagation environment is impacted by the following factors: Landform: mountain, hill, plain, waters, and vegetation Clutter: building, road and bridge Noise: natural noise and artificial noise Climate: rain, snow and ice (tiny effect on UHF band)

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Radio Propagation Environment


Type of radio environment

Radio environment is classified as follows, according to ITU-R P.1411-1 and specific conditions in China.
Propagation environment
Dense urban Description Many tall buildings, signals fail to diffract from the roof of building . Signals can diffract from the roof due to low buildings and wide streets. Low and sparse buildings Low and sparse buildings, but with lots of vegetation

Urban Suburban Rural Mountainous areas Road Indoor

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Radio Propagation Environment


Type of propagation environment

The corresponding cell type is as follows:


Cell type Macro-cell Micro-cell Pico-cell Cell type >500 m 100~500m <100m Typical antenna installation Installed outdoors, higher than average height of surrounding roofs Installed outdoors, lower than average height of surrounding roofs Installed outdoors or indoors, lower than height of all roofs

Type of other new cells, such as Mini-cell

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Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of

Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of Propagation

Model Tuning
Section 3 Purpose of CW Test Section 4 Basic Principle of CW

Test

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Radio Propagation Model

Propagation model is used to predict the effect of terrain, obstacle and artificial environment on the path loss.

WCDMA common propagation models

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Radio Propagation Model

Common propagation models


Okumura/Hata model
For: 900M2000MHz COST231-Hata model

For: 1500-2000MHz
COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model For: 800M-2000MHz Keenan-Motley model

For indoor propagation


Propagation model in UNET For macro cell on 300M2000M

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Radio Propagation Model


Model in UNET:

L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(HTxeff) + K4Diffraction + K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)


K1: constant (dB) K2: multiplier factor of log(d) d: distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna (m) K3: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff) HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m) K4: multiplier factor of diffraction loss, which must be a positive value Diffraction loss: diffraction loss through the path with barriers (dB) K5: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)log(d) K6: multiplier factor of HRxeff HRxeff : effective height of Rx antenna (m) Kclutter: multiplier factor of for f(clutter) f(clutter): average weighted loss caused by clutter

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Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of

Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of

Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principle of

CW Test

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Purpose of CW Test
GPS

Compare CW test data

with prediction results, and then tune the propagation parameters to improve the accuracy of coverage prediction.

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Principle of Radio Propagation and CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of

Radio Propagation
Section 2 Theory of

Propagation Model Tuning


Section 3 Purpose of CW Test Section 4 Basic Principle of CW

Test

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Basic Principle of CW Test


Typification

The CW test data must represent the characteristic of electromagnetic wave in this area.

Balance

The CW test data must represent the characteristic of electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different clutters in this area.

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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation

and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

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CW Test Flow

Section 1 Site Selection


Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test

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Site Selection
Principles of site selection
Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should be

tested in large and dense city, but one site is enough in the city, which mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter

(from the digital map) in the coverage zone.


Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the test

environment requires multiple models to describe its propagation characteristics.


Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as

much as possible. But reasonable inter-site distance should be ensured.


Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if

obvious obstacle exists.

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Site Selection
Standards of site selection

a. Antenna height should be greater than 20m. b. The antenna should be 5m higher than the nearest obstacle. c. The obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the roof where the antenna is installed. The building where the site is located should be higher than average height of surrounding buildings.
5m
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CW Test Flow

Section 1 Site Selection


Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test

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Building Test Platform in Networking


Tx subsystem: Tx antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source and

antenna holder
Rx subsystem: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop

Tx antenna

Signal source

TMA
RF cable 1 RF cable 2

Rx antenna
Power supply

Drive test instrument


Build-in GPS

Laptop

High frequency signal source

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Building Test Platform in Networking

Record the gain of the following parts on signals

during networking:

Tx power of signal source Loss of RF cable Gain of Tx antenna Gain of Rx antenna

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CW Test Flow

Section 1 Site Selection


Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test

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Drive Test
Keep to the following standards to select a test path
Landform: The test route must cover all main landforms in the area. Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in this area

if the landforms are up-and-down.


Distance: The test route must cover different positions from the site in the

area.
Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and vertical

route.
LengthThe total distance of one CW test should be longer than 60km.

Number of test points: The more, the better.


Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as possible to

improve the reliability of models.


Obstacle: Shadow areas behind this wall should be avoided when antenna

signals are obstructed by the wall at a side.

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Drive Test
Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40
The maximum vehicle speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample Delete test results from the sampled data under abnormal

conditions:

Fading over 15~30db without reasonable

causes
In tunnels
Under the viaducts
Select test routes from the main lobe coverage area if directional

antennas are adopted for a CW test.

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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation

and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

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Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering Section 2 Data Dispersion

Section 3 Data Binning


Section 4 Format Conversion

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Data Filtering
Data to be filtered is as follows:
1. Data tested in the places where GPS is unable to locate accurately (such as under the overhead rack,

in the tunnel).
2. Data obtained when the distance to antenna is too near or far. 3. Data obtained with too weak

signals.
4. Error data caused by inexact AP (antenna pattern). 5. Other data inconsistent with the

requirements during the route


design of CW test.
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Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering Section 2 Data Dispersion Section 3 Data Binning Section 4 Format Conversion

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Data Dispersion
Propagation in mobile communications can be indicated as

follows:

X: distance

1 r(x) = m(x)r0(x) m( x) r ( y )dy 2L xL

x L

r(x): received signals r0(x): Raileigh Fading m(x): local mean value, the combination of long-term fading and space propagation loss 2L: average length between sampling areas, also called intrinsic length
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Data Dispersion
The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography

location in some areas as far as possible, i.e. the difference of r(x) and m(x) should be the minimum value. In this sense, effect of Raileigh Fading should be excluded.
When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of

sampling points is 50, the difference of test data and actual local mean value can be less than 1dB according to Lee criteria.
Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long,

namely, 40 wavelength)
Since the locating speed of GPS is far lower than the receiving

speed of the receiver, the dispersion processing is required before the binning.

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Data Dispersion
The principle of dispersion processing is as follows:

Conditions:
There are many test records arranged under each locating point in time sequence because the receiving speed of the receiver is far higher than the locating speed of GPS.

The vehicle speed between two locating points is uniform.


The time interval between every two measurement records is the same.

Processing:
Equally distribute these records to the route section between two points in time sequence so that there will be sufficient points in every 6m range on test route.

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Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data filtering Section 2 Data Dispersion Section 3 Data Binning Section 4 Format Conversion

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Data Binning
Objectives:

Reserve the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast fading
Methods:

Method 1: make grids for the whole area with 6m side, perform the arithmetic average for the data located in each grid, and then take the grid center as the new location. Method 2: divide the path into sections in equal interval with 6m for each, and perform the arithmetic binning for the data in each section to select some point for the location of mean value.
Tool: CW Data Editor

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Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering Section 2 Data Dispersion Section 3 Data Binning Section 4 Format Conversion

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Format Conversion
The data format exported by Agilent E74xx Series is
X Y CW_Power_List__ Freq__Hz CW_Power_List__A mpl__dBm Time Date

Data format imported to UNET is


X Y CW_Power_List__Ampl__dBm

Format conversion can be implemented manually (saved

as .dat file)

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CONTENT
Chapter 1 Principle of Radio Propagation

and CW Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

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Propagation Model Tuning

Section 1 Preparation

Section 2 Propagation Model

Tuning

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Preparations
Installing network planning software:

UNET is powerful planning and optimization software and model tuning is only one of its functional modules.
Creating a project

In UNET, perform planning and optimization model tuning based on each project.
Importing antenna pattern file

Correctly import the antenna pattern varying with different manufacturers

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Propagation Model Tuning

Section 1 Preparations Section 2 Propagation

Model Tuning

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Propagation Model Tuning Flow

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Propagation Model Tuning


Establishing a model

Establish a standard macrocell model to be tuned. Select the effective antenna height. Select a calculation method of diffraction loss.
Importing data

Import CW test data file into the project.

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Propagation Model Tuning


Map correction

GPS locating in CW test usually adopts WGS84 and UTM projection. However, digital maps in China do not use such projections and reference plane. Correct digital maps if CW test data does not correspond to them. Correction method:

Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates in a digital map to realize the optimal match with the test data.

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Propagation Model Tuning


Setting Filtering

Distance filtering:

Filter the data of which r is less than 150m or r is greater than 3000m.
Signal strength filtering:

Filter the data of which Signal is greater than -40dBm or Signal is less than 121dB.
Clutter filtering

Filter the Clutter in which sampling points are less than 300.
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Propagation Model Tuning


Parameter tuning

L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(Heff) + 4Diffraction + K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)

Tune such parameters as log(d), log(Heff), Diff, log(d)log(Heff), Hmeff and Klutter to finally tune SPM propagation model.

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Propagation Model Tuning

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Propagation Model Tuning


ERROR (measurement prediction)

Regression line calculated values for the variable

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Propagation Model Tuning

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Propagation Model Tuning


Correction of propagation model parameters in a city

Parameter K

Reference value 23.2 44.90 5.83 0.5 -6.55 0

K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6

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Propagation Model Tuning


Analysis of correction results

Analyze correctness of the acquired model after correction. Evaluate the correctness of the model with Std Dev, which refer to the binding degree of the acquired model and actual test environment. Make Std Dev less than 8 as much as possible in actual model tuning, which indicates that the tuned model and actual test environment are well bound.

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Summary

After completing this course, you should be able to master:


Principle and purpose of CW test Process of CW test Process of propagation model tuning

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Thank you
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