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PLEASE NOTE: Only images surrounded by a thick black border in the following lecture slides will be included on Practical 1. The skin model at the end of this lecture series is also fair game for P1.
Skin (Integument)
Outer covering of the body Largest organ of the body
An organ is a group of tissues that work together and have specific functions.
Functions of the skin: Protection = Barrier against drying, bacteria, UV light, water, physical abuse Temperature regulation Sensory perception Excretory organ Formation of vitamin D
Skin (Integument)
Consists of three major regions: 1. Epidermis
Outermost superficial region
2. Dermis
Middle region
3
1 2
3. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)
Deepest region
APR 3.0 Module 4. Integumentary (Dissection) Topic: Thin skin and subcutaneous tissues View: Layers
Layers of Skin
Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness Avascular
SC
SC = Stratum Corneum SL = Stratum Lucidum SG = Stratum Granulosum SS = Stratum Spinosum SB = Stratum Basale P = Papillary Layer of Dermis
SL SS SG
SB
SC
SG
SS
SB
Stratum Corneum
Description:
Outermost layer of epidermis Up to 30 layers of cornified, dead cells Dead cells contain keratin
Functions:
Creates barrier to fluids = waterproofing Protection from abrasion and penetration, wear and drying Rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults
Cells sloughed (shed) from surface and continually replaced from deeper layers
Stratum Lucidum
In epidermis, between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum Present only in skin of palm (hand) and sole (foot) = THICK SKIN Description:
Thin translucent layer composed of three to five layers of keratinocytes without nuclei or organelles (clear layer)
Stratum Granulosum
Above this layer, the capillaries in the dermis can not supply the cells resulting in cell death Description:
Three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes Keratinocytes contain dark staining keratohyalin granules (precursor of keratin)
Keratohyalin granules release a protein that binds keratin filaments together into coarse, tough bundles
Stratum Spinosum
Histological fixatives shrink keratinocytes so they pull away from each other; they remain attached at desmosomes giving shrunken cells appearance of porcupines attached to their neighbors = spiny cells
Description:
Many layers of keratinocytes Deepest cells can divide Cells firmly attached to each other by desmosomes (cell junctions)
Cells of Epidermis
Keratinocytes:
Most abundant cell type in epidermis (90% of cells) Produce keratin and arise from stratum basale every 20-45 days
Melanocytes:
Produce melanin pigment Have long, branching cytoplasmic processes and are scattered among the keratinocytes within stratum basale Processes continually shed melanin-containing fragments from their tips Keratinocytes phagocytize these fragments and accumulate melanin granules on the sunny side of the nucleus. This shields the DNA within the nucleus from UV radiation.
Dermis
Second major skin region containing strong, flexible connective tissue Composed of two layers
1. Papillary layer composed of areolar (loose) connective tissue 2. Reticular layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
Epidermis
P
Dermis
Description:
Projection of papillary (external) layer of dermis Forms core of epidermal ridge Numerous and often branched Contains capillary loops
Function:
Provides nourishment to avascular epidermis
APR 3.0 Module 4. Integumentary (Histology) Topic: Thick skin View: LM: Low Magnification
Reticular Layer
Deep layer of dermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue Dense concentration of collagen and elastin gives skin strength Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Cleavage lines in this layer produce the visible lines in our skin (Langers lines) Cuts heal faster when the incision is made parallel Flexure lines create the folds in our skin. Tears in this layer lead to stretch marks
Reticular Layer
APR 3.0 Module 4. Integumentary (Histology) Topic: Thick skin View: LM: Low Magnification
Sub Q
Partial-Thickness First-degree
Only the epidermis is damaged Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain Heals in 2 3 days = sunburn
Second-degree
Epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged Symptoms mimic first degree burns, but BLISTERS also appear; healing in 3 4 weeks
Full-Thickness = Third-degree
Entire thickness of the skin is damaged Burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; There is no initial edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed) Heals from the edges inward Fluid loss is great, grafting often necessary in larger burns
Rule of Nines
Estimates the severity of burns Burns considered critical if:
Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns There are third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet
Different areas of the body are calculated as specific percentages (see figure)
Different types prevent overheating of the body, secrete cerumen, and secrete milk Eccrine/Merocrine sweat glands found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead. This sweat is water-like Apocrine sweat glands found in axillary and genital areas. This sweat contains fat and protein leading to body odor Ceruminous glands modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (ear wax) Mammary glands specialized apocrine glands that secrete milk.
Sweat Glands
SwG
Sebaceous Glands
Simple alveolar (holocrine) secrete sebum (oil) Most commonly found on face, neck and trunk Not present on palms or soles
AP
AP
SeG
Bending a hair stimulates these endings, hence our hairs act as sensitive touch receptors Arrector pili - bundle of smooth muscle cells, makes hair stand on end, goose bumps, fear, insulation purposes, sympathetic nervous system
HB
Summary of Hair
Pacinian (Lamellated) corpuscle - larger and deeper in dermis/hypodermis; pressure Bare nerve endings (Afferent nerve endings)- pain sensation, heat and cold are also
perceived here.