RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiration is the process

of taking in oxygen, producing energy with it, and excreting gaseous waste products

The Respiratory System Basic functions of the respiratory system Supplies body with oxygen Disposes of carbon dioxide Four processes involved respiration Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal respiration

Respiratory events

Pulmonary ventilation = exchange of gases

between lungs and atmosphere External respiration (Pulmonary) = exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries Internal respiration (Tissue) = exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Nasal Cavity
Nose Mouth Bronchus Bronchiole

Throat (pharynx) Windpipe (Trachea) Left lungs

Ribs

Alveolus

Diaphragm

Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Respiratory organs Nose, Pharynx, larynx, and trachea Bronchi and smaller branches Lungs and alveoli

Organization and Functions of the Respiratory System

upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx and

associated structures) lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs)

Conducting portion transports air

- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways, from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles

Organization and Functions of the Respiratory System

Respiratory portion carries out gas

exchange - small airways called respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli

Organs of the Respiratory System

The Nose

Provides an airway for respiration Moistens and warms air Filters inhaled air Resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors

The Nasal Cavity

External nares nostrils Divided by nasal septum Continuous with nasopharynx Posterior nasal apertures choncae

Nasal Cavity

Two types of mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Near roof of nasal cavity Houses olfactory (smell) receptors

Respiratory mucosa Lines nasal cavity

Basic Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Respiratory Mucosa

Consists of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium Goblet cells within epithelium Underlying layer of lamina propria Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly

Nasal Conchae

Superior and middle nasal conchae Part of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal conchae Separate bone Project medially from the lateral wall of
the nasal cavity

The Paranasal Sinuses

The Pharynx

Funnel-shaped passageway Connects nasal cavity and mouth Divided into three sections by location Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Type of mucosal lining changes along
its length

The Nasopharynx

Superior to the point where food

enters Only an air passageway Closed off during swallowing Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

The Oropharynx

Arch-like entranceway fauces Extends from soft palate to the

epiglottis Epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium

The Oropharynx

Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx Palatine tonsils in the lateral walls of
the fauces Lingual tonsils covers the posterior surface of the tongue

The Laryngopharynx

Passageway for both food and air Epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Continuous with the oesophagus and
larynx

 Larynx (voice box) connects the

pharynx and the trachea; made of cartilage; contains vocal cords
nasal cavity pharynx larynx

Respiratory Structures and Organs

Epiglottis flap of tissue that covers

trachea; ensures food travels down the esophagus

The Larynx Three functions Voice production Provides an open airway Routes air and food into the proper channels Superior opening is

Closed during swallowing Open during breathing

Larynx

Nine c-rings of cartilage form the

framework of the larynx thyroid cartilage (1) Adams apple, hyaline, anterior attachment of vocal folds, cricoid cartilage (1) ring-shaped, hyaline

Larynx

arytenoid cartilages (2) hyaline,

posterior attachment of vocal folds, hyaline cuneiform cartilages - (2) elastic corniculate cartlages - (2) elastic epiglottis (1) elastic cartilage

The Larynx

Vocal ligaments of the larynx Vocal folds (true vocal cords) Act in sound production Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) No role in sound production

The Larynx

Epithelium of the larynx Stratified squamous superior

portion Pseudostratified ciliated columnar inferior portion

Anatomy and Air Flow

Larynx = voice box Located just below the pharynx and is

composed of several pieces of cartilage. Vocal cords 2 short elastic tissue bands, covered with mucous membrane, that stretch across the interior of the larynx.

Anatomy and Air Flow

Muscles that attach to the larynx cartilages
can pull on these cords and increase the tension higher pitched sound. When they relax less tension and a lower pitched sound.

Respiratory Structures and Organs

Trachea (windpipe) tubular passage
way for air; carries air to the lungs, C-shaped cartilage rings, divides at end
larynx

trachea
bronchi

bronchioles

Respiratory Structures and Organs

Bronchi pair of tubes that branch
from trachea and enter lungs; have cartilage plates; lining is ciliated & secretes mucus

Bronchi in the Conducting Zone

Bronchial tree Extensively branching respiratory

passageways Primary bronchi (main bronchi) Largest bronchi Right main bronchi Wider and shorter than the left

Bronchi in the Conducting Zone

Bronchi in the Conducting Zone

Secondary (lobar) bronchi Three on the right Two on the left Tertiary (segmental) bronchi Branch into each lung segment Bronchioles Little bronchi, less than 1 mm in
diameter Terminal bronchioles Less than 0.5 mm in diameter

Changes in Tissue Composition along Conducting Pathways

Supportive connective tissues change C-shaped rings replaced by cartilage

plates Epithelium changes First, pseudostratified ciliated columnar Replaced by simple columnar, then simple cuboidal epithelium Smooth muscle becomes important

Structures of the Respiratory Zone

Consists of air-exchanging structures Respiratory bronchioles branch from

terminal bronchioles Lead to alveolar ducts Lead to alveolar sacs

Structures of the Respiratory Zone

Figure 21.9a

Structures of the Respiratory Zone

 Alveoli cup shaped structures at the

end of the bronchioles that resemble bunches of grapes; are in direct contact with capillaries (gas exchange); covered with SURFACTANT that keep them from collapsing

Respiratory Structures and Organs

Cells in Alveolus
Type I cells : simple squamous cells forming lining Type II cells : or septal cells secrete surfactant Alveolar macrophages

Cells in Alveolus

The Respiratory Zone

Features of alveoli Surrounded by elastic fibers Interconnect by way of alveolar pores Internal surfaces A site for free movement of alveolar
macrophages

The Pleurae

A double-layered sac surrounding each

lung Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity Central mediastinum Two lateral pleural compartments

Diagram of the Pleurae and Pleural Cavities

 Lungs paired,
cone-shaped organs that are surrounded by a pleural membrane, made of elastic tissue, and divided into lobes

Lobes

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Major landmarks of the lungs Apex, base, hilum, and root Left lung Superior and inferior lobes Fissure oblique Right lung Superior, middle, and inferior lobes Fissures oblique and horizontal

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs Anterior View of Thoracic Structures

Figure 21.13a

Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs

Pulmonary arteries Deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Pulmonary veins Carry oxygenated blood to the heart Innervation Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral
sensory fibers Parasympathetic constrict airways Sympathetic dilate airways

Mechanism of Breathing
Inhaling (active process) Air moves in.
Why?? Gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure During inspiration diaphragm pulls down and lungs expand

Mechanism of Breathing
When lungs expand, it INCREASES the
VOLUME, which DECREASES the PRESSURE inside lungs Lung pressure is lower than outside pressure, so air moves in

Mechanism of Breathing
Exhaling (passive process) breathing
out Diaphragm and muscles relax Volume in lungs and chest cavity decreases, so now pressure inside increases Air moves out because pressure inside is HIGHER than OUTSIDE atmosphere

 Earths atmosphere is about 78%

Nitrogen and about 21% O2 What happens to the air when we inhale? GAS O2 CO2 H2O INHALED EXHALED 20.71% 14.6% .004% 4.0% 1.25% 5.9%

Gas Exchange

300 million alveoli in a healthy lung Hemoglobin can hold four O2 molecules

Gas Transport in Blood

Carbon dioxide 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) dissolved
in plasma 23% bound to hemoglobin 7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma Oxygen 99% bound to hemoglobin 1% as O2 dissolved in plasma

 Breathing is regulated by the

Control of Breathing

rhythmicity center in the medulla of brain rhytmicity center

Medulla stimulates inspiratory

muscles (diaphragm & external intercostal muscles)

 The most important factor affecting the

rhythmicity center is CO2 in arterial CO2 causes in acidity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in CSF acidity is detected by pH sensors in medulla medulla rate and depth of breathing

Control of Breathing

Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures Bronchial asthma Allergic inflammation Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress Airway obstruction Asthma attacks characterized by Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle Secretion of mucus in airways

Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult Obstructive emphysema Chronic bronchitis History of smoking

Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures

Cystic fibrosis (CF) inherited disease Exocrine gland function is disrupted Respiratory system affected Oversecretion of viscous mucus

Disorders of Upper Respiratory Structures

Epistaxis nosebleed Epiglottitis inflammation and swelling

of the epiglottis

Respiratory Values

A normal adult averages 12 breathes per

minute = respiratory rate(RR) Respiratory volumes determined by using a spirometer

LUNG VOLUMES

TIDAL VOLUME (TV): Volume inspired

or expired with each normal/breath. = 500 ml

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV):

Maximum volume that can be inspired over the inspiration of a tidal volume/normal breath. Used during exercise/exertion.=3100 ml

LUNG VOLUMES
EXPIRATRY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV):
Maximal volume that can be expired after the expiration of a tidal volume/normal breath. = 1200 ml

RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): Volume that

remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration. CANNOT be measured by spirometry.= 1200 ml

LUNG CAPACITIES
VITAL CAPACITY (VC): Volume of maximal
inspiration and expiration:IRV + TV + ERV = IC + ERV = 4800 ml

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC): The volume of the

lung after maximal inspiration. The sum of all four lung volumes, cannot be measured by spirometry because it includes residual volume:IRV+ TV + ERV + RV = IC + FRC = 6000 ml