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A microprocessor is an electronic device that consists of millions (or billions) of transistors packed into one IC. Its function is to execute instructions in the form of programs, calculate and store its results. Microprocessors are used widely in our everyday lives.
The microprocessor can be used to perform complex operations by giving it instructions. These instructions are called programs. Programs are loaded into memory, and are executed line-by line by the microprocessor.
Definition: A complete electronic system built around the microprocessor to support the microprocessor operation. May consist of CPU, memory, I/O (disk drives, keyboard, mouse), system bus, and supporting circuitry. CPU as the brain controls actions of all components.
ROM
Floppy
RAM
CD-ROM
CPU
Supporting Circuitry
Keyboard
Mouse
HDD
Memory
Power Supply
CPU
LCD Display
Keypad
Parallel I/O
Serial I/O
Interrupt Circuit
System Bus
Timing
CPU
Memory
CPU
CU (Control Unit):
Responsible to retrieve instructions, analyze, then execute.
Registers:
Fast internal storage. Used to temporarily store addresses, data, processor status.
Memory
Stores instructions and data for CPU. Each memory location given unique address.
CPU refers to address to access.
Types:
Read-Only Memory (ROM). Random-Access Memory (RAM). Non-Volatile Memory (NVM).
Timing
Generates square waves at constant intervals. Crystal oscillator + timing circuitry. Higher clock speed allow computers to function faster.
An electric motor together with its control equipment and energy transmitting device forms an Electric Drives. Some examples of electricdrive systems are: A ceiling fan motor with regulator and also with blades, a food mixer with food to be processed, a motor and conveyer belt with material on its belt and so on. Electric drives are mainly two types:DC Drives AC drives
AC drives are those in which motive power provided by ac motors. Though speed control of dc motors is easy as compared to ac motors, but ac motors have some advantages which outweighed the advantages of dc motors, and so with the development of different techniques of speed control of ac motor drives, now days, ac motor drives are more extensively use in industries.
Low maintenance cost. AC drives have a better power factor in most applications. Harmonics reduction is cheaper in case of AC drives. Higher transient response capability. AC drives are of lower cost in comparison to DC drives.
High braking cost. Complex braking strategy. Complex and expensive technique. Problem of switching losses. High insulation cost.
speed
control