VFR FLIGHT

Rules References Operational Considerations Simulator View Ground Ref. Maneuvers

Still remember the Traffic Pattern?

Upwind Crosswind Downwind (1000ft) Base - Final

VFR flying
Where we are and our DESINATION

- Clear of cloud - In sight of the ground and sea - Have other aeroplane in sight - Avoid collision with other planes or terrain - Not at night (CARS 94) Summary YOU TAKE CARE OF YOUR SEPARATION

Visual Flying Rules

VFR Weather Minima

1. General Visibility 5 km and cloud ceiling of not less than 3000ft. In Uncontrolled airspace remain clear of cloud and in sight of surface under 3000ft. Not at night!

How can I not collide with others?

General Flight Rules

A/C CONVERGING FROM THE RIGHT

TRAFFIC AT THE RIGHT HAS THE RIGHT OF WAY

CONVERGING

TRAFFIC AT THE RIGHT HAS THE RIGHT OF WAY

General Flight Rules

A/C APPROACH HEAD-ON

EVERYONE TURNS RIGHT!

General Flight Rules

A/C OVERTAKING

OVERTAKE FROM THE RIGHT

RIGHT OF WAY

How to Read VFR Flight Instruments

What ARE flight instruments?

Instruments in the aircraft
Gives information about the airplanes flight situation Altimeter Attitude Indicator Turn Coordinator Heading Indicator Vertical Speed Indicator

Used in particularly poor visibility

i.e. clouds, or no outside visual reference points.

Layout
Called the six pack

Moving around the airport

Movement/Non Movement Areas

Runway Markings
Threshold Marking Provides width of the runway, each stripe represents 5m wide So 4x5=20m, 6x5=30m, etc. Usual measurement reported in feet. Displaced Threshold Can increase TORA Landing is prohibited

Can taxi, take off.

White arrows toward the runway Blastpad

Yellow chevrons, no movement

Touchdown Zone Marking [TD zone]

Two SOLID blocks of marking

A visual reference for pilots to perform touchdown nearby the marking

Usually 1000 feet from the threshold

Runway Designation Consists of the a magnetic track of the center-line +-5 degrees

Taxiway Signage

Critical/Warning Signs and Runway Ind.

Hold Short Markings

Exit Markings

Hold Short Markings

Other Markings

Runway Taxiway Markings

Runway Boundary Sign (Holding Point) A reference which separate between taxiway and Runways

The runway-side are dashed, non-runway-side are solid

ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign A line reference which notify the traffic is crossing the ILS gild slope path and may cause ILS signal distortion for Approaching traffics. May also serve as Runway Boundary Sign for ILS CAI II / III runway.

Closed Runway
The 'X' Indicates that the taxiway/runway is not in service.
However runway with the X sign can also considered as taxiway.

Taxiways Marking
Taxiway markings

Taxiway center-line Solid yellow Taxiway edge Double dash yellow o Allowed to cross Double solid yellow o Not allowed to cross

Vehicle Roadway Markings Mainly for ground crew

Roadway center-line Dash white Roadway edge Solid or zipper style white (same usage)

Visual Approach Slope Indicator PAPI

Precision Approach Path Indicator PAPI Consist of four lights visible from distance Color pattern changes as aircraft's glide angle from touchdown zone The steepness of the glide path should be usually 3 For visual reference, does not coincide with ILS during final What is a glide path?

Runway Lighting
Glide Slope
Runway Centerline (White, with Red at the end) Runway Edge (White, with Yellow at the end)

PAPI (Red and White)

Threshold (Green bar)

Approach Lighting System (Varies)

Taxiway Lighting
Runway end

Taxiway Centerline (Green) Taxiway Edge (Blue)

Intersecting taxiways