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DESIGN BASIS
1.ECONOMIC FACTORS 2.NETWORK SAFETY 3.REDUNDANCY
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MAIN COMPONENTS
1. CONDUCTOR 2. CONDUCTOR ACCESSORIES a) REPAIR SLEEVES b) COMPRESSION JOINTS c) VIBRATION DAMPERS d) SPACERS / SPACER DAMPERS 3. EARTH WIRE a) COMPRESSION JOINTS b) VIBRATION DAMPERS c) COPPER EARTH BONDS 4. INSULATORS 5. EARTHING/ COUNTER POISE EARTHING SETS
MAIN COMPONENTS
6. INSULATOR STRING HARDWARE a) SUSPENSION STRING HARD WARE b) TENSION STRING HARD WARE 7. OPGW 8. EARTH WIRE /OPGW HARDWARE 9. TOWERS 10. TOWER ACCESSORIES a) PHASE PLATES c) BIRD GAURDS e) STEP BOLTS
contd..
CONDUCTORS
1. COPPER 2 .COPPER CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED 3. ALUMINIUM 4. ALL ALUMINIUM ALLOY CONDUCTORS(AAAC) 5. ALUMINIUM ALLOY CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED(AACSR) 5. ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED(ACSR) 6. ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR ALUMINIUM CLAD STEEL REINFORCED - ACSR(AS) 7
ADVANTAGES OF ACSR
1. MORE SPAN-LESS SAG 2. LARGER DIA -LESS CORONA LOSS FOR UHV LINES
STANDARDS
1. IS:398 IEC-1098-1991: SPECIFICATION FOR ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS FOR OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES 2 IS-398 PART-II : ACSR 3. IS-398 PART-V : ACSR FOR 400 kV AND ABOVE 4. IEC-1232 : ALUMINIUM CLAD STEEL WIRES FOR ELECTRICAL PURPOSES 5.IS-1778 :REELS AND DRUMS FOR BARE CONDUCTORS
a) strand dia. b) cross sectional area c) wt./km d) min.breaking load befor stranding and after stranding KN e)zinc coating of steel wire f) joints in strands g) chemical composition of steel wire
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This test is to collect the creep data of the conductor.Creep is due to settlement of strands and due to non -elastic elongation of metal when subjected to load.The manufacturer shall furnish the amount of creep in 10,20,30,40,50 years along with supporting calculations.The calculation to be based on every day temp. and tension 22 % of UTS. for 400 kV and 25 %UTS for 220 kV 11
INSULATOR STRINGS
TYPES OF INSULATORS 1. PORCELAIN DISC INSULATORS,LONG ROD INSULATORS 2.TOUGHENED GLASS 3.POLYMER SILICON RUBBER/ALLOY OF SILICON RUBBER AND EPDM
1.254 X 145 mm 70KN/90KN EMS. 280mm CREEPAGE 2.280 X 170 mm 120 KN/160KN, 280mm/330mm/430mm CREEPAGE 3.305 X 145 mm 120 KN, 280mm /330mm/430mm CREEPAGE 4.305 X 170 mm 160 KN 280mm /330mm/430mm CREEPAGE BALL DIA--16mm, 20mm
NORMAL SIZES
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INSULATOR STRINGS---TYPES OF STRINGS 1.SINGLE SUSPENSION 2.DOUBLE SUSPENSION 3.SINGLE TENSION 4. DOUBLE TENSION 5.V-SRTING
CONTINUED
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CONSTRUCTION WORKS
1. SURVEYS a) ROUTE ALIGNMENT b) DETAILED SURVEY i) PROFILES ii) SOIL PARTICULARS iii) SAG TEMPLATE iv)TOWER SPOTTING v) RIGHT OF WAY 2. APPROVALS FROM CONCERNED a) ROAD CROSSINGS i) RAIL CROSSINGS iii) RIVER CROSSINGS c) CHECK SURVEY
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CONSTRUCTION WORKS
3. FOUNDATIONS i) DESIGN FOR DIFFERENT SOILS iii) FORM BOXES v) CONCRETING vii) EARTHING 4. TOWER ERRECTION i) TOWER SCHEDULES
contd..
ii) INSEPCTION AND SORTING OUT MEMBERS iii) TREATMENT OF JOINS iv) ASSEMBLY v) TIGHTENING AND PUNCHING OF BOLTS AND NUTS vi) FIXING ACCESSORIES
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CONSTRUCTION WORKS
5. INSULATOR HOISTING 6. POWER AND EARTH CONDUCTOR ERRECTION
i) DELIVERY OF CONDUCTOR AT SITE iii) TENSIONING AND SAGGING
contd..
7. FIXING OF CONDUCTOR AND EARTH WIRE ACCESSORIES 8. FINAL CHECKING 9. TESTING AND COMMISIONING
i) CONDUCTOR CONTINUITY TEST ii) INSULATION RESISTENCE TEST iii) TO BE CHARGED AT LOW VOLTAGE iv) STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS TO BE MET
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COST COMPONENTS
1. TOWERS AND ACCESSORIES 2. ACSR CONDUCTOR AND ACCESSORIES 3. EARTH WIRE AND ACCESSORIES 4. INSULATOR AND STRINGS 5. FOUNDATIONS 6. ERRECTION 7. CENTAGES 28% 36% 01% 06% 04% 14% 11%
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2. DEAD LOADS
a. WEIGHT OF TOWER b. WEIGHT OF CONDUCTORS, c. HARDWARE AND INSULATORS
3. SPECIAL LOADS
a. EXTERNAL LOADS DURING b. CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANACE
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REQUIREMENT OF LOADS
1.RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS
CLIMATIC LOADS UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
2.SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
FAILURE CONTAINMENT LOADS UNDER BROKEN WIRE CONDITION
3.SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
LOADS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE LOADS
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COMBINE ALL LIMIT LOADS CHECK SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FROM NATIONAL REGULATIONS
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TOWER OUTLINE
1. TOWER HEIGHT 2. TOWER WIDTH 3. CROSS ARM WIDTH
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ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
1. MIN.GROUND CLEARANCE 2. MIN.CLEARANCE ABOVE HIGHEST FLOOD LEVEL 3. CLEARACE AND SWING ANGLES 4. AIR CLEARANCE 5. POWER LINE CROSSINGS 6. TELECOM.LINE CROSSINGS 7. RAIL TRACK CROSSINGS
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DESIGN PARAMETERS
1. NO.OF CIRCUITS 2. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
a. WIND b. TEMPERATURE c. ISOKERANIC LEVEL d. SEISMIC INTENSITY e. ICE FORMATION
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS CONDUCTOR EARTH WIRE INSULATOR STRINGS SPAN 25
LOADINGS
1. CLIMATIC LOADS RELATED TO RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS: WIND LOADS i) SNOWY WITH ICE ii) SNOWY WITH OUT ICE iii) NON SNOWY 2. FAILURE CONTAINMENT LOADS RELATED TO SECURITY REQUIREMENTS. i) LONGITUDINAL LOADS ii) TORSIONAL LOADS iii) ANTI CASCADING LOADS 3. LOADS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE LOADS RELATED TO SAFETY REQUIREMENTS.
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LOADINGS
contd..
NATURE OF LOADS 1. TRANSVERSE LOADS(T) WIND LOAD ON TOWER STRUCTURE, CONDUCTOR, GW & INSULATOR STRING COMPONENT OF MECHANICAL TENSION 2. VERTICAL LOADS(V) SELF WEIGHT LOADS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE 3. LONGITUDINAL LOADS(L) RELIABILITY CONDITION (NORMAL CONDITION), SECURITY CONDITION (BROKEN WIRE CONDITION) AND SAFETY CONDITION (CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE) HAVE ALL THE ABOVE LOADS UNDER THEIR LOADING COMBINATIONS.
SAFTETY CONDITION HAS BOTH NORMAL AND BROKEN WIRE 27 CONDITION.
2. VERTICAL LOADS(V) : CONDUCTOR, GW WEIGHTS ON ONE SIDE ONLY, WEIGHT OF INSULATOR STRINGS AND ACCESSORIES 3. LONGITUDINAL LOADS(L): PULL OF CONDUCTOR/GW AT EVERY DAY TEMPERATURE AND NO-WIND APPLIED SIMULTANEOUSLY AT ALL POINTS ON ONE SIDE WITH ZERO DEGREE DEVIATION.
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ii) MINIMUM THICKNESS: 5 MM LEG 4MM BRACINGS/REDUNDENT MEMBERS iii) GRADE OF STEEL : MILD STEEL AND HIGH TENSILE STEEL iv) STENDERNESS RATIO:
LEGS < 120 BRACINGS < 200 REDUNDENT < 250 TENSION < 400
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contd..
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TESTING OF TOWERS
TOWER TESTING STATION 1. TEST BED 2. PERMANENT ANCHORS: LONGITUDINAL MOST 3. ARRANGEMENT FOR APPLYING THE COMBINATION OF LOADS 4. ELECTRICAL WRINCHES (REMOTE CONTROLLED) 5. INSTRUMENTS TO RECORD THE LOAD APPLIED: MECHANICAL SPRING GAUGES OR ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC TRANSDUCEROS/DYNAMO METERS 6. CONTROL ROOM 7. THEODOLOTES TO OBSERVE DEFLECTION OF TOWER TESTING 1. BOLT SLIP TEST 3. NC
APPLICATION OF LOADS
TRANSVERSE, LONGITUDINAL LOADS AND VERTICAL LOADS AT PEAK AND RESPECTIVE CROSS ARM POINTS. WIND LOAD ON TOWER BODY SIMULATED AT A. G.W. B. CROSS ARM LEVELS C. WIND BELOW CROSS ARM LEVEL TO BE SIMULATED TO ACT AT BOTTOM CROSS ARM LEVEL D. TOWER WITH EXTENSION AT TOP OF EXTENSION
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DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
1. TYPE OF LOADS a. COMPRESSION OR DOWN WARD THRUST b. TENSION OR UPLIFT c. LATERAL FORCES OR SIDE THRUST BOTH, TRANSVERSE AND LOGITUDINAL DIRECTIONS 2. SOIL PARAMETERS a. LIMIT BEARING CAPACITY b. DENSITY OF SOIL c. ANGEL OF EARTH FRUSTRUM 3. SOIL INVESTIGATION a. TYPY OF SOIL b. GROUND WATER TABLE
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DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
contd..
4. TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS a. NORMAL DRY SOIL FOUNDATION b. WET SOIL FOUNDATION c. PARTIAL SUBMERGED FOUNDATION d. FULLY SUBMERGED FOUNDATION e. BLACK COTTON SOIL FOUNDATION f. PARITAL BLACK COTTON SOIL FOUNDATION g. SOFT ROCK/FISSURED ROCK FOUNDATION h. HARD ROCK FOUNDATION i. SANDY SOIL FOUNDATION 36
DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
5. STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT OF FOUNDATION a. PCC TYPE b. RCC SPREAD TYPE c. BLOCK TYPE d. UNDER CUT TYPE e. GROUTED ROCK AND ROCK ANCHOR TYPE f. PILE TYPE g. WELL TYPE 6. REVETMENT ON FOUNDATION
contd..
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THE END
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