INTRODUCTION

Mass

of one atom is small. For example the mass of one atom cuprum 1.06 x10-22 gram. cant weigh one atom directly but we can compare the mass of one atom with another mass of one atom by using the relative mass scale.

We

INTRODUCTION OF CARBON-12
At

the beginning, all chemists agreed to use atom hydrogen as a standard in determined RAM and RMM with one atom hydrogen is given as 1 units.
chemists found that this standard is not suitable because:

Then,

 In

1860, chemists agreed to use atom oxygen as a standard. This is because:

problem occurred when there are two standard of relative atomic mass. in 1961 all scientists agreed to use isotope 126C as a standard. This is because:

Finally,

WHY ATOM HYDROGEN IS NOT SUITABLE AS A STANDARD:

Hydrogen has isotopes, which is 11H, 21H (deuterium) and 31H (tritium). So, hydrogen is not 1 units. Hydrogen existed as gases and its masses was very difficult to determine. There are a lot of elements that is not react with hydrogen.

WHY ATOM OXYGEN USED AS A STANDARD:

Atom oxygen can react with many elements. Most of the compounds produced oxide is existed as solid. The mass of this compound was easy to determine.

WHY CARBON-12 IS USED AS A STANDARD FOR DETERMINING RAM AND RMM

Carbon existed is many kinds of materials and easy to get. Carbon occurred as a solid in room temperature compare with oxygen gas. This element doesnt need a stopper to keep it. The existing of other isotope such as 126 C,136 C and 146 C are too little.

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM)

Definition

Then, relative atomic mass of element: = mass of one element 1/12 x mass of one atom C-12

Example

Try out

DEFINITION OF RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM)

RELATIVE

ATOMIC MASS (RAM) of elements is how much time one atom of element more heavy than 1/12 mass of one atom C-12 with the mass of one atom C-12 is 12.000.

EXAMPLE:

The mass of one atom potassium is 39 time more bigger than 1/12 x mass of one atom C-12. So, relative atomic mass for one atom potassium is 39.

K = 39

RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM)

Definition

Relative molecular mass of compound= Mass of one molecule of compound 1/12 x mass of one atom C-12
Try out

Example

DEFINITION OF RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM)

RELATIVE

MOLECULAR MASS (RMM) is how much time the mass of one molecule is compound is more bigger than 1/12 mass of one atom C-12 with the mass of one atom C12 is 12.000.

EXAMPLE:

Relative molecular mass for water, H2O: = 2 x (relative atomic mass H) + 1 x (relative atomic mass O) = ( 2 x 1) + ( 1 x 16) =18 So, relative molecular mass for H2O is 18.

(RAM: H = 1; O = 16)

EXAMPLE:

Relative molecular mass for HCl.

= 1 x (relative atomic mass H) + 1 x (relative atomic mass Cl) = (1 x 1) + (1 x 35.5) = 36.5 So, relative molecular mass for HCl is 36.5.

(RAM : H=1 ; Cl=35.5 )

WHAT IS THE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS OF THESE ELEMENTS??

C
O N

F
Br

=? =? =? =? =?

Na

=? Al = ? Fe = ? Ar = ? Mn = ?

= 12 O = 16 N = 14 F = 19 Br = 80 Na = 23 Al = 27 Fe = 56 Ar = 40 Mn = 55

WHAT ARE THE RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASSES OF THESE MOLECULES??

Chlorine, Cl2 Nitrogen, N2 Ethanol, C2H205 Carbon dioxide, CO2

(RAM: H=1; C=12; O=16; Cl=35.5; N= 14)

RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (RFM)

For IONIC SUBSTANCE Example Sodium chloride, NaCl = RAM of Na + RAM of Cl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

Hydrated magnesium sulphate, MgSO4.7H2O = RAM of Mg + RAM of S + 4(RAM of O) + 14(RAM of H) + 7(RAM of O) = 24 + 32 + 4(16) + 14(1) + 7(16) = 246

WHAT ARE THE RELATIVE FORMULA MASSES OF THESE ION??

Aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3 Zinc chloride, ZnCl2 Sodium Oxide, Na2O Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4
(RAM: Al=27; Na=23; O=16; Cl=35.5; Mg= 24; S=32; Zn=65)

Mole Concept

Avogadro Number, NA

To delegate a big quantity: Daily life we used: a) 1 dozen = 12 units b) 1 pair = 2 units

Chemistry- mole concept: Definition Mole is a substance quantity that contain a number of particles such as atom, ion, or molecule that have equal number of atom in 12 gram of 12C or 6.02 x 1023 particles

Example:

Daily life

1 year = 12 months 1 month = 30 days 1 kg = 1000 g 1 km = 1000 m

Chemistry
1 dozen oxygen atoms = 12 oxygen atoms 1 mole oxygen atoms = 6.02 x 1023 oxygen atoms 1 mole sodium atoms = 6.02 x 1023 sodium atoms 1 mole carbon atoms = 6.02 x 1023 carbon atoms

1 Mole of Substance = 6.02 x 1023 Particles

Avogadros Number/ Avogadro's Constant, NA

NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 representative particles of a substance

Large Constant

Analogy:

Substance

NA = 6.02 x 10 23 mole-1 Particles

Amedeo Avogadro
later mathematically proven by Sanislao Canizzaro around the 1750's.

NA

Avogadro's number, NA= 6.02 x 1023 particles theorized by Amadeo Avogadro

Avogadro's number has been experimentally determined to be 6.02 x 1023 molecules gram mole-1

Example 1:

Sodium, Na

NaOH

Water, H2O

RAM/ RMM (g/mole)

23.0

23+16+1 = 40

(2x1) + 16 = 18

Mole

Particles

6.02 x 1023 mole-1 atoms

6.02 x 1023 mole-1molecules

6.02x1023mole-1molecule

Example 2:

Helium (He) Hydrogen (H) 1(4 g/mole) = 4 g/mole 4 (1 g/mole) = 4 g/mole 1 mole 4 mole 6.02 x 1023 particles 4 (6.02 x 1023 particles)

Question
1. Define the definition of

Mole concept:

Mole is a quantity that contain a number of particles such as atom, ion, or molecule that have equal number of atom in 12 gram of 12C or 6.02 x 1023 particles. Avogadro Number:

NA = The number of particles in one mole of substances, 6.02 x 10

2. If 1 mole of a substance contains 6.02 x 1023 particles, then,

1 mole of Na contains 1 mole of Na+ contains 1 mole of H2O contains

6.02 x 1023 sodium atoms 6.02 x 1023 sodium ions 6.02 x 1023 water molecules

3. Calculate number of mole and a atomic number of each substance given below and fill in the table with the correct answers.

Substance Iron Potassium Carbon

Number of Mole 1.0 2.0

Atomic Number 6.02 X1023

2.0 X 6.02 x1023 0.5 X 6.02 x 1023

0.5

Helium

1.5

1.5 X 6.02 x 1023 0.2 X 6.02 x 1023

Aluminium

0.2

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF MOLES AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES

X NA

5 1 9

Mole

23 24 4.816 6.02 x 3.01 x 10 1024

NA

C
C ATOM Number of mole atom

Particles

MOLECULE

Number of mole molecule

ION

Number of mole ion

C Count number of atom in 0.4 mole atom carbon.

Solution:

Example

0.4 mole

? Atom carbon
Get the information from question

Number of mole atom carbon = 0.4 mole

So, number of atom carbon is, = 0.4 x Avogadro constant = 0.4 x 6.02 x 1023 atom use the relationship in figure 1

= 2.48 x 1023 atoms

Relationship for
x NA x depending on formulas chemistry

Number of mole molecule

Number of molecule

Number of atom

NA

depending on formulas chemistry

2 mole molecule H2 H

Molecule H2 =

Atom H =

2 x NA

2 x NA x 2

Example
There are 3 mole gases hydrogen, H2 in one container,
a) Number of molecule hydrogen, H2 b) Number of atom hydrogen Solution : Number of mole molecule hydrogen, H2 = 3 mole molecule hydrogen, H2 Get the information from the question 3 mole molecule of hydrogen, H2 a) So, number of molecule hydrogen, H2 ; = 3 x Avogadro Constant = 3 x 6.02 x 1023 molecule = ___________ molecule ? Molecule hydrogen, H2 Use the relationship in figure 2

Count;

There are 3 mole gases in one container,

b) Number of atom hydrogen 3 x 6.02 x 10 molecule hydrogen, H2 ? Atom hydrogen Analysis formulae molecule H2

b) Every molecule hydrogen, H2 consist of 2 atom hydrogen. So, number of atom hydrogen in the gas container;

= 2 x number of molecule hydrogen, H = 2 x 3 x 6.02 x 1023 atom = ______________ atom

Use the relationship in figure 2

EXAMPLE Molecule of water H2O

Sample of water consist of 1.806 x 1024 molecules, count;

a) Number of mole water molecule b) Number of atom oxygen c) Number of atom hydrogen in the sample.

O H H

Solution; 1.806 x 1024 molecule water ? Molecule water

a) Number of molecule water = 1.806 x 1024

Get the information from question

So, number of mole molecule water; = 1.806 x 1024 NA = 1.806 x 1024 6.02 x 1023 = 3 mole molecule of water

1.806 x 1024 molecule water

? Molecule water

b) 1 molecule water consist 1 atom oxygen

So, 1.806 x 1024 molecule of water consist of 1.806 x1024 atom of oxygen

O H H

c) Every molecule water, H2O consist of 2 atom hydrogen. So, number of atom hydrogen in the sample;

= 2 x number of molecule hydrogen, H = 2 x 3 x 6.02 x 1023 atom = 3.612 x 1024 atom

O
H H

Relationship for
x depending on formulas chemistry
x NA

Number of mole ion

Number of unit

Number of ion

NA

depending on formulas chemistry

Example
Count number of units in 4 mole NaCl.
Solution;
1 mole substance 6.02 x 1023 units

So;
4 mole NaCl = ? units 4 mole NaCl = 4 x 6.02x 1023 = 2.408 x 1024 units NaCl

Count number of ions of Cl- in 4 mole NaCl.

One units of NaCl So; One mole unit of NaCl

have 1 ion Cl-

? ion Cl-

1 mole units of NaCl = 6.02 x 1023 ions 4 mole units of NaCl = 4 x 6.02 x 1023 ions

= 2.408 x 1024 ions