10 r med skifergas i Canada

- hvad kan vi lre?

Per Kent Pedersen
Department of Geoscience
University of Calgary
Skifergas: Trussel eller mulighed for Danmark, Ingenirforeningen Danmark, May 13, 2013
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Montana
North Dakota
+730,000 Wells
Manitoba
100 km
NWT
15,231 wells drilled in 2012
or 26,645,125m 27,000km
or ~2 times through the Earth
Up to 7 km thick Phanerozoic strata
North American Gas and Oil Shale Plays
http://gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/2wh9Q1Alh3q2zMOQRKD4MQ/MarkZoback_ShaleGas101.pdf
Next 5 10 years
- ~100,000 wells
- 1 2 million hydraulic fracks
Fracking
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/oilgas/shalegas/hydraulicfracturing.html
High-pressure water with sand and additives is
injected into the reservoir to open or create fractures.
Newly created fractures are propped open by injected
sand increasing permeability and allowing gas to be
produced.

Fracking History
+100 years of fracking
Old dynamite trick
Canada +60 years of large scale
hydraulic fracing history in vertical
wells
+175,000 oil and gas wells have been
hydraulically fractured in Canada
From 250 to 4000 m depth
No evidence of drinking water
contamination
One case being investigated if fracking
of coal seam at 250 m depth entered
ground water
Fracking History
Horizontal
hydraulic
fractured wells
Improved
technology lead
to large
increase in use
since 2003
www.NEB.ca
2012 Horizontal Wells in Western Canada
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Modified from Dave Russum, Deloitte 2013
Deloitte 2013
300 by 130 km fairway
300 m thick at 1.5-3 km
700 TCF of gas in place
200-350 BCF/mile
2
gas
+2000 HZ multistage
fracked wells
Montney Shale Play
BMO 2011
BMO 2011
BMO 2011
Smaller and larger
number of frack stages
Fresh water consumption
decreased
Waste water used
recycling
Montney Fm
Canadian Discovery 2013
Montney Fm
Montney Shale Play
BMO 2011
Montney Shale Play
Evolution from single
well pads to multi-well
from each pad
Up to 18 wells/pad
Longer reach wells
From 1.6 to 3.2km long
horizontal legs
One pad drains an area
of up to 10 km
2
Central facilities
Drilling and completion
Production and pipelines
5 km
Geometry of Induced Fractures
1200 m

ESG Solutions
http://www.csur.com
Geometry of Induced Fractures
Surficial, freshwater aquifer
depth
Hydraulically-fractured
shale
Ground
Surface
Kevin, Fisher,,American Oil and Gas Reporter, July 2010
Fisher and Warpinski, 2011, SPE 145949
- data from 1000s of shale gas hydraulic fracturing treatments
Depth of
horizontal well
trajectory
Fracturing of Existing Faults
Induced fractures
commonly
contained within a
few hundred
meters around the
well bore
Duhault (2012)
BC Government Report Investigating
Fracturing Induced Earthquakes
Horn River Basin study
8000 hydraulic fracture
treatments were completed with
no associated seismicity
The NRCan seismicity was caused
by hydraulic fracturing near pre-
existing faults
None caused any injury, property
damage, or posed any risk to
public safety or the environment
All events confined to the target
shales, no effects on shallow
aquifers were identified

Report Recommendations
Improve the accuracy of the NRCan Network
Review geological data to identify pre-existing faulting
Establish induced seismicity monitoring reporting procedures and
requirements
Install ground motion sensors near populated area
Deploy portable high density arrays near frac operations
Require the submission of microseismic reports
Study the relationship between hydraulic fracture parameters and seismicity
Gas in Shallow Aquifers
Gas is common in shallow aquifers
Can form large economic accumulations
Shallow gas
Coal Bed Methane
Outcropping organic rich shales
Upper Devonian Antrim Shale in the Michigan Basin
Commonly Biogenic in origin
Osbourn et al., 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100682108
Canadian Association of Petroleum
Producers Recommendations 2012
Industry through CAPP has recommended:
Hydraulic Fracturing Operating Practices
1. Fracturing fluid additive disclosure
2. Fracturing fluid additive risk management
3. Baseline groundwater testing
4. Wellbore construction
5. Water sourcing and reuse
6. Fluid handling, transport and disposal
Gaining the Public Thrusts
Public Access to data allows independent
review and research
Drilling information
Cores and core analysis data
Well logs
Pipeline locations, etc.
Fracking water composition
http://fracfocus.ca/
Production data
Gas, oil, water rates
Composition