AF 202

Objectives

Factors in aircraft performance Performance tables and graphs Weight and balance

Performance Factors

Obviously aircraft design has a large part to play in aircraft performance

Wing design

Engine size and power

Weight of aircraft Shape of aircraft

Performance Factors

When flying a particular aircraft, those factors do not change The air you fly in, however, does change Those changes affect the airs density

Performance Factors

Air density is what needs to be accounted for when determining performance

Density of the air can be affect by many things

Pressure Temperature Humidity

Performance Factors

As air density decreases, performance decreases. What does this mean?

Engine performance drops due to less air in

the intake Thrust performance drops since there is less efficiency in thin air Lift performance drops because the air exerts less force on the airfoils

Performance Factors

To help with determining performance of aircraft, a set of standards was created for all the factors that affect density

These standards are adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

Performance Factors

2 degree Celsius per 1000 feet 1 Hg per 1000 ft

Performance Factors

Air pressure is due to the fact that air is affected by gravity and therefore has weight

Air is a fluid and so the weight is exerted in all directions

Standard weight at sea level is 14.7 psi

Performance Factors

When pressure decreases the air can spread out leaving less volume. This will decrease the density of the air Density of the air is directly proportional to the pressure of the air

Performance Factors

Temperature affects density inversely As temperature increases, density decreases. As temperature decreases, density increases.

Performance Factors

So what happens as we climb

Pressure and temp decrease

It looks as though pressures affect on density should be canceled by temperature The affect of pressure ends up being greater

Performance Factors

Humidity also has an effect

Remember humidity is a measurement of

how saturated the air is

Water vapor is lighter than air

The more water vapor, the less dense the air is

Performance Factors

When it comes to performance charts only temperature and pressure are factored in often times

However humidity should still be taken into consideration especially when your aircraft performance is close to its limit.

Performance Factors

So to sum it up
Pressure decreases, performance

decreases Temperature decrease, performance increases Altitude increases, performance decreases Humidity increases, performance decreases

Performance Factors

Basically, density altitude is the altitude the plane feels it is at

Example: Density altitude is 5000 feet at the surface. This means the plane will perform as if it were at 5000 feet on a standard day.

Performance Factors

Weight will also affect performance, specifically climb performance More weight means more angle of attack which means more drag More thrust is required to counter drag and less is available for climb

Tables and Graphs

There is no standard format to deliver performance data Some manufacturers use tables and others use graphs A pilot must also note which factors previously mentioned are even considered in the data.

Takeoff Performance

Before figuring out any performance data you need to

Find related info (temp, pressure, wind, etc.) READ THE NOTES AND CONDITIONS!!

Takeoff Performance

Notice the runway conditions and the type of takeoff Also note the need to find our headwind

Takeoff Performance

Using rwy 36 Wind 330 @ 25 kts Headwind is 22 kts

Takeoff Performance
Headwind 22 kts Pressure Altitude 2345 Temperature 17 degrees

Takeoff Performance

Find ground roll at 2000 and 3000 ft at 17 degrees

2000 ft 1000 1080 = 80 80 x 70% (.7) = 56 1000+56 = 1056

3000 ft 1100 1180 = 80 80 x 70% (.7) = 56 1100+56 = 1156

Takeoff Performance

Next find the ground roll at 2345 feet

2345 is 34.5% between 2000 and 3000 feet

1056 1156 = 100 100 x 34.5% (.345) = 34.5 feet 1056 + 34.5 = 1090.5 feet

Takeoff Performance
But youre not done! Dont forget wind! Decrease 10% for each 9 knots

So what percent is for 22 knots?

9(kts)
10(%) =

22(kts)
Cross Multiply

x(%)

9x = 220

x = 220/9

24.4%

Tables and Graphs

Now include the wind reduction

1090.5 x 24.4% (.244) = 261.72 Then subtract it

1090.5 261.72 = 828.78 feet

Takeoff Performance

How about with a graph?

Takeoff Performance

Climb Charts

Climb Charts

S.L to 8000 4000 to 16,000 6,000 to 24,000 Temp of 17 degrees??

Standard Temp at 4000 = 7 deg (15 8) 6000 = 3 deg (15 12)

Climb Charts

Cruise Charts

Cruise Performance

Pressure altitude: 6,000 feet Temperature: 13 deg Power: 2500 RPM and 23 MP Usable Fuel 460 lb What is the maximum flight time?

Cruise Performance

At 13 degrees you have 88.5 pph 460lb/88.5 pph = 5.16 hours 5 hours and 12 minutes

Cruise Performance

Range Profile

Uses percentage of power to determine maximum miles Note the zero wind condition

Endurance Profile

Uses percentage of power to determine maximum hours of flight Seems more useful since range profile cannot account for wind

Landing Distance

peace