Arif Pratama ramadhani (33736) Bagus diandita (32618) Marco m.a.

senduk (33562) Syahli Reza Ananda (33828)

Topic To Discuss
Native Element
Sulfide Halida Oxide Hidroxide

Native Elements
Devided into : A. Gold Group B. Platinum Group C. Iron Group D. Nonmetals

 Native Element Gold Group Gold Group (Gold-Au) Soft, malleable, ductilegood conductors, metallic luster, hackly fracture.
Crystallography

Isometric Octahedral crystals are most common, but rarely forms crystals typically in masses Physical Properties H = 2.5-3 G = 19.3 (pure) Luster = metallic Fracture = hackly Color = yellow (becomes pale with increasing amounts of silver)

 Native Element Platinum Group

Platinum Pt Crystallography Isometric Cubic crystals are often malformed typically occurs as small grains or scales
Physical Properties

H = 4-4.5 G = 21.45 Malleable and ductile Luster = bright Fracture = hackly Color and streak = steel gray

 Native Element Iron Group

Iron and Nickel have almost identical atomic radii, so Nickel often substitute for Iron / Nickel combinations are typical of many meteorites ~ Fe-Ni allows likely make up much of the Earths interior Iron Fe Crystallography Isometric Crystals are rare typically occurs in large masses Physical Properties H = 4.5 G = 7.3-7.9 Malleable Luster = metallic Fracture = hackly Color / streak = steel gray to black

 Native Element Nonmetals

Sulfur S

Crystallography Crystals are uncommon typically occurs in large masses Physical Properties H = 1.5-2.5 G = 2.05-2.09 Brittle Luster = resinous Fracture = conchoidal to unevene uncommon typically occurs in large masses

Sulfides
Devided into :

1) Sphalerite 2) Pyrite 3) Pyrhotite 4) Chalcopyrite

SPHALERITE (Zn2Fe)S
Crystal system : Isometric Sphalerite ordinarily occurs in irregular masses and anhedral crystals. It is

gray to yellow or brown in thin sections but may not be uniform.

Cleavage occurs in six directions forming an intricate pattern. The relief is

very high and mineral shows an adamantine luster in reflected light, transparent are isotropic.
Sphalerite is a common and widely distributed mineral in veins and

replacement deposits. The usual associates are pyrite,galena, marcasite and the gangue mineral :quarts, calcite,dolomite

PYRITE (FeS2)
Crystal System : Isometric Pyrite is the most common in sulfide. It s a brass yellow with a metallic

luster in reflected light. In thin section may be distinguished from chalcopyrite which is darker yellow.
Pyrite is common in euhedral crystals. These are often cubes which yield

square,rectangular, triangular. It also occurs in irregular grains ,masses, veinlets.

Pyrite is an unusually common and widely distributed mineral. It occurs in

many rocks types in veins and in replacement deposits

PYRHOTITE (Fe(1-2)S)
Crystal System : Hexagonal Pyrhotite is a bronze with a metallic luster in reflected light. It usually

occurs in grains and erregular mases. Parting paralel to (0001) is fairly common.
The mineral occurs in igneous rocks as a late magmatic mineral. It is also

found in veins and in metamorphic rocks. It also forms at higher temperature than pyrite

CHALCOPYRITE (CuFeS2)
Crystal System : Tetragonal Chalcopyrite is one of the most widely distributed copper mineral. It is deep

brass yellow with metallic luster in reflected light. It is found in anhedral grains and veinlets but only occasionally in euhedral crystals
The mineral is common in veins and ore deposits with several metals. It is

occasionally found in igneous , sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

HALIDE GROUP
Halides group are consist of 2 type of mineral, halite and fluorite Halite is an evaporite mineral, and fluorite as the related species is a vein

mineral and an accessory in many rock types Halite usually associated with gypsum, dolomite and anhydrite. Formed at the isolated marine remnants, shallow basins with intermittent oceanic connections and isolated desert basins.

Halite (NaCl)
Physical properties

Color : colorless, white

Streak

: white Cleavage : perfect cubic Fracture : conchoidal, brittle Structure : cubic Crystals : cubes Massive : compact, cleaveable, granular, fibrous Luster : vitreous Transparancy : transparant to translucent Hardness : 2 - 2.5 Characteristic and assosiated : saline taste, color due impurities, assosiated with gypsum, anhydrite, shale

 Optical properties

: Color : colorless Form : halite is not found in thin section prepared in the ordinary way. But in thin section may be ground in glycol. Usualy appears in anhedral crystal. Cleavage : perfect cubic Relief : very low, being about the same as balsam or clove oil. Birefringence : nil, dark between crossed nicols. Halite from the highly compressed salt of salt dome may be anisotropic ini thin section. Distinguishing features : very low relief, cubic cleavage, and solubility are characteristic. Occurrence : halite occurs in sedimentary beds of rock salt that are often accompanied by anhydrite and gypsum.

Fluorite CaF 2
Pyhsical properties

: Color : greenish, yellowish, or bluish Streak : white Cleavage : octahedral Fracture : brittle Crystals : cubes Massive : cleaveable, granular, fibrous Luster : vitreous Transparancy : transparant to nearly opaque Hardness :4 Characteristics and associates : easily recognized by crystal form, cleavage, and hardness. Associated with galena, cassiterites, calcite, and quartz.

 Optical properties

: Color : colorless Form : sometimes found in euhedral crystal, ussually anhedral Cleavage : perfect octahedral {111} at the oblique angles of 70o and 110o Relief : fairly high, n < balsam Birefringence : nil, dark bitween crossed nicols Distinguishing features : high ralief, perfect cleavage, and isotropic character. Occurrence : common in vein mineral, rather rare in rock ini general. Found some ini granites, occasionally in sandstone, limestone, and phosphorites

Fluorite CaF 2
Paralel Nicol Cross Nicol

Hidroxide
Brucite
Diaspore Bauxite minerals : Boehmite, Gibbsite, Cliachite Limonite

Brucite Mg(OH)2
Physical properties : Hexagonal ( rhombohedral subsystem )

Colour

: Colourless in thin section Form : Usually occurs in plates or scaly aggregates that appear fibrous in section Cleavage : Perfect in one direction ( 0001 ) Relief : Fair , n > balsam Birefringence : Moderate , ne nw = 0.019 Interference : uniaxial positive Alteration : Altered to hydromagnesite Mg4 (OH)2 (CO3 )3. 3H2O Occurrence : In metamorphic calcite brucite rocks as an alteration of periclase, sometime found in serpentine.

Brucite Mg(OH)2

http://www.galleries.com/Brucite

Boehmite AlO(OH)

www.webmineral.com

Physical properties : Orthorombic Form : Tabular Cleavage : One direction ( 010 ) Birefringence : Moderate, ny nx = 0.013 Occurrence : Widely distribute in bauxite where at times it may be the main mineral.

Gibbsite Al(OH)3
Physical properties : Monoclinic

Colour

: Colourless to pale brown in thin sections Form : Euhedral Cleavage : One direction ( 001 ) Relief : Moderate, n> balsam Birefringence : Moderate, ny nx = 0.022 Twinning : Polysynthetic Occurrence : Some bauxites are made up largerly of gibbsites, others largerly of amorphous cliachite with crystalline gibbsite in cavities.

Gibbsite Al(OH)3

www.thunderhealing.com

Cliachite Al2O3(H2O)
Physical properties : Mineraloid Colour Form Relief Occurrence

: Colourless to deep brown or red in thin sections : Pisolitic or massive without any indication of crystalline structure. : Moderate, n> balsam. : Cliachite is the main constituent of many bauxites. Commonly associates are gibbsite and siderite.

Limonite H2Fe2O4(H2O)
Physical properties : Mineraloid Colour

: Opaque to translucent. Limonite is brown in reflected light. It may be translucent in some masses and on thin edges. It frequently forms a stain or a border around other minerals, particularly those with a high iron content.

Limonite is a secondary mineral product ordinarily the result of oxidation or weathering. It is often present on the weathered surface rocks.

Limonite H2Fe2O4(H2O)

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