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CAE NLS-AMSTERDAM
METEOROLOGIE/
Meteorology
Onno Hungerink en Tijmen de Boer
(senior aviation forecasters)
In aviation: MET
Met office
Met people
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Purpose of study:
Understand the atmosphere and its hazards
Basic knowledge to make better decisions
Better understanding weather: Flightsafety
Better understanding weather: Flight economics

In all aviation operations, not only in the air, weather is
involved!
i.e. One of the major input parameters on ATC operations on
Schiphol is the Weather (wx)
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Flightsafety
Table showing weather related/influenced accidents UK
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What is Meteorology?

Meteoros Everything that soares or glides
in the air The word Meteorology is first used by
Aristoteles.
Everything that deals with atmosphere and
weather, so also climate.
The met* is occupied with the physical,
dynamical and chemical state of the
atmosphere.
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Kinds of Meteorology:
Synoptical* Meteorology
The weatherchart, forecasts and warnings.
Physical Meteorology
What is the speed of a falling hailstone* or how and how
fast grows a raindrop?
Dynamical Meteorology *
Get horizontal and vertical movements in formulas and
start computing Computers
Climatology
How high shall we built that dike?
How much snow will fall on that flat roof ..and how
often?
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Kinds of Meteorology:
Different classification:
General Meteorology
Radio/television the general public
General forecasts and warnings
Mostly one day to more days ahead, few details.
Maritime Meteorology
Gale warnings, sea state and swell, wateropzet* etc.
Aviation Meteorology
Special forecasts and warnings for Pilots
Much detail, relative short term.
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The atmosphere
The air is a mix of several gases:

Stikstof (nitrogen) 78 % (by volume)
Zuurstof (oxygen) 21 %
Argon (argon) 0,9 %
Kooldioxide (carbon dioxide) 0,03 %
Neon (neon) 0,002 %
Waterdamp (watervapour) 0 to 4%
Sporengassen (trace gasses), zoals Helium, Krypton,,
Waterstof, Ozon*,

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CO
2
Increase since 1750
260
280
300
320
340
360
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Tijd --->
C
O
2

i
n

p
p
m
Now 370
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THE ATMOSPHERE
DEFINITIONS
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
LAYERS
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There are a few more or less horizontal layers,
which height and thichness are depending on
Temperature

Every layer is called a sphere (Sfeer).

Two spheres are seperated by a pause (pauze)

A pause is characterized by different T-
behavior.

A pause is called to the lower sphere.
Classification of the atmosphere
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Classification of the atmosphere
From earth surface (SFC) up:
Troposphere 0 - 13 km
Tropopause 13 km*
Stratosphere 13 - 50 km
Stratopause 50 km
Mesosphere 50 - 80 km
Mesopause 80 km
Thermosphere 80 km
Thermopause ca. 500 km
Exosphere ca. 500 km - ca. 1000 km
Space
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Some characteristics of the TROPOSPHERE
The biggist part of the mass of the atmosphere is in the
lower troposphere.

Tot de tropopauze neemt de temperatuur met
toenemende hoogte gemiddeld af met 2
0
C/1000 ft (0,6
0
C/100 m)

Bijna alle weer speelt zich in de troposfeer af
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The atmosphere
NB:
What is T doing?
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Tropopauze:
Lowest level of the atmospere at which the
vertical lapse rate decreases to less then, or equal
to 0,6 C/1000ft over a distance of at least 2 km.
latidude height temperature
equator 16 km -80 C
mid latitude 11 km -50 C
Poles 8 km -40 C
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VERANDERING VAN DE TROPOPAUZEHOOGTE
MET DE SEIZOENEN
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HOOGTEVERSCHILLEN VAN DE TROPOPAUZE IN DE
VERSCHILLENDE KLIMAATGORDELS
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50
0
90
5
10
15
20
km
Breaks in tropopause

The tropopause has a leaf like construction
Mainly caused by airmasses, cold and warm.*
latitude
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Melting point Boiling point
Celsius(C) 0 100
Fahrenheit(F) 32 212
Kelvin(K) 273 373
Temperature:
In aviation units in degrees Celsius (C)
In science in Kelvin (K)*
Conversion from Cesius to Fahrenheit:
9
32
5

=
F C
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2.3 transfer of heat
Electromagnetic radiation
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4
T E o = Stefan Boltzmann law
T
2897
max
=
Wien displacement law
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Conduction occurs within a body and between
bodies in actual contact with each other.
Convection involves motion of mass, which
carries the heat, from one region of space to
another.
Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic
radiation, with no need for matter to be present
in the space between the bodies.
Latent heat
The liberation of latent heat plays also a role in
heat transfer.
If rising air reaches its condensation level
condensation occurs and latent heat is
liberated, compensating partly the consumed
energy for expansion.


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Radiation
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A B
winter
(90/-52,5/)-23,5=14/
C D
zomer
(90/-52,5/)+23,5/=61/
2
1
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june decembe
r
Circling earth around the sun
Annual variation of temperature
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Diurnal variation of the temperature
0 6 12 14 18 24
temperature
Solar radiation
Terrestrial radiation
minimum
maximum
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3. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
1
5
10
1013hpa
500hpa
200hpa
km.
700hpa
900hpa
The pressure of the atmosphere at any point is the weight of
the air which lies vertically above unit area centred at the
point.
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- 1 hectopascal = 1 hPa= 100 Pascal
1 hPa= 100 N /m2
- Anarode barometer
- isobar: line connecting points of equal pressure
-
RT
p
=
= atmosperic density(kg/m3)
R= Reynolds constant
T= temperaure(K)
- Near the surface: 1hPa 27ft
- Near 500hPa level: 1hPa 48ft
-pressure reduces more rapidly with increasing
height in cold air than in warm air.
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International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)


Mean sea level (MSL): -pressure= 1013.25 hPa
-temperature= 15C=288K
-density= 1.225kg/m3

Tropopause: -height: 11km
-temperature: -56.5C

- From MSL to 11km: -vertical lapse rate of the temperature: decrease of 6.5C
per km (-2C/1000ft)

- From 11km up to 20km: -constant temperature = -56.5C

- From 20km up to 32km: -increasing temperature with height of about 1C/1000m
(0.3C/1000ft)
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Standard temperature in degree Celsius for a given flight
level
) . (
1000
2
feet FLin T T
ground FL
=
Eq.: Tground = 15 C
TFL100 = 15 20 = -5 C
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Pressure
(hPa)
Height
(FL)
Temperature
(C)
Density
(kg/m3)
1013,25 msl +15 1.225
850 FL050 +5 1.063
700 FL100 -5 0.908
500 FL180 -21 0.692
400 FL240 -33 0.577
300 FL300 -45 0.457
250 FL340 -52 0.395
200 FL390 -56.5 0.322
150 FL450 -56.5 0.241
Standard pressure levels, equivalent standard flight
levels, temperatures and density
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Altimetry
The pressure altimeter is an instrument for measuring
pressure, i.e. an aneroid barometer with its scale
graduated to read height in feet instead of pressure.
Aircraft altimeters are calibrated for ISA-values so that all
altimeters will read the same altitude for the same
pressure.
The altimeter measures the distance between the
aircraft and a certain reference level.
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Correction for pressure variation

-If the flight is towards an area of higher pressure, the altimeter
underreads
-If the flight is towards an area of lower pressure, the altimeter
overreads.

- When flying with winds from port (links) in the n-ern
hemisphere, the altimeter tends to overread.
- When flying with winds from starboard (right) in the n-ern
hemisphere, the altimeter tends to underread.

HIGH TO LOW, LOOK OUT BELOW

LOW TO HIGH, LOOK AT THE SKY
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Correction for temperature variation

- If the atmosphere is colder than the standard atmosphere, the
altimeter will read too high (the aircraft will be lower than the
indicated altitude).
- If the atmosphere is warmer than the standard atmosphere,
the altimeter will read too low.
increase (decrease) of 3C increase (decrease) of 1% of the height
i.c. temperature FL300 3 C higher ISA truth height 30.300 ft.
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