Leadership

Course 8 :
Power and Leadership from the Top

Faculty : Brata T. Hardjosubroto

Semester : 4/ 2009
Power
 Power is about regulating the relations of individuals to
each other.
 Power can be defines as the potential influence over the
attitudes and behaviors of one or more target individuals.
 Influence is the degree of actual change in the target
person’s attitudes or behaviors.
 Influence tactics are, behaviors that one person uses to
affect another’s attitudes or behavior.
 Example Influence tactics: appeals to reason, emotion,
inspiration, consultation, ingratiation, formation of coalition.
 The power of individuals shapes the types of tactics they
can use to influence others.
The most common seven tactics
used to obtain influence
 Reason  Bargaining
(most often cited)
 Higher authority
 Friendliness
 Assertiveness
 Sanctions
 Coalition building
The Influence Tactics factors

1. Their relative power

2. Their objectives
3. Their expectation that the other person would
comply
4. The culture of the organization
Power and Leadership from the Top
Sources of Power
 Expert power

 Referent power

 Legitimate power

 Reward power

 Coercive power
Position power
 Authority

 Control over information

 Control over who does the work and where

they do it

 Control over rewards and punishments

Power Analysis
Three types of organizations

 Alienative—those whose members are

primarily unhappy, negative, and don’t want
to be part of the organization.

 Calculative—those whose members are

constantly assessing the tradeoffs of
belonging and ceasing to belong.

 Moral—those whose members make

sacrifices to further the larger cause.
Three components of power

 Power over—the traditional view of power

as domination.

 Power to—enhance other people’s power or

power as empowerment.

 Power from—being able to resist the power

of others’ unwanted demands.
Framework for the ethical exercise
of influence:
 Leading by example

 Using rational persuasion

 Developing a reputation as a subject-matter expert

 Exchanging favors and bargaining

 Legitimizing a request

 Making an inspirational appeal and showing emotion

 Consulting with others before making a decision

 Forming coalitions

 Being a good team player

Evaluating Influence Tactics
Ethical Influence
 Leading by Example
 Using rational persuasion
 Subject matter expert
 Exch favor and bargaining
 Legitimizing a request
 Making inspiration appeal
 Consulting before decision
 Forming coalition
 Being good team player
Unethical Influence
 Falsifying statements
 Coercion by threat,
criticism
 Debasing or demeaning
 Upward appeal
 Sulking, ignoring, silent
treatment
 Ingratiation and charm
 Joking and kidding
(depending on tone)
Successful Managers
 When they combine a high need for social
power with relatively affiliation needs.
 Four Characteristics:
◦ Believe in the authority system which they draw power.
◦ Influence and being influenced.
◦ Enjoy their work and they value work beyond its income
producing ability.
◦ Altruistic.
◦ Put the company first.
◦ Believe in seeking justice above all else and that justice
should extent to the workplace.
Vertical Dyad Linkage
 Its relationship between supervisor and subordinate.
 The in-group are typically quite loyal, committed and highly
trusting of the leader.
 The leaders most often exercise reward, legitimate and
coercive power to influence.
 Effective leaders are avoid creating groups of insider and
outsider because it will divisive and reduce group
performance.
 Leaders must make everybody feel a part of the in-group.
Social Exchange Theory
 Leadership is a transaction between leaders and followers.
 The benefits may include status, praise, identity, money or
other type of reward.
 Relationship leader and followers is effective when the
benefits each receives are close to equivalent.
 Subordinates can stockpile ‘points’ by demonstrating
loyalty, problem solving and so forth.
 Leaders will acquire more power by sharing the power you
have with others.
 When followers increase their power, they perform better,
thus will raise the overal productivity.
 The sharing power is called empowerment
Differences in the Empowering Process as a Function of
Role: Leaders Compared with Managers

SOURCE: Burke, W. Warner. “Leadership as Empowering Others,” Table 4, p. 73, adapted as submitted. In S. Strivasta and Associates, Executive
Power. Copyright 1986 by Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publishers.
Some methods to empower
others
1. Rewarding and encouraging followers in visible ways
2. Creating a positive work environment
3. Showing confidence. Empowering leaders tell their
followers verbally and nonverbally that they have
confidence in their abilities.
4. Promoting initiative and increasing responsibility with
appropriate reward. The followers’ motivation to take on
greater responsibility increases if the rewards are
perceived to be appropriate.
5. Starting small, take on larger changes one step at a time
6. Praising innitiative, even when results fall short. This
encourages innovation and reinforces a positive work
environment.
Six types of skills that particularly
influence presidential effectiveness:
 Skills as a public communicator

 Organizational capacity

 Political skill
 Vision

 Cognitive style

 Emotional intelligence
In Summary
 Leadership requires the exercise of Power
 Political science studies the distribution and
use of power
 Influence tactics individuals in power use
and the sources
 Questions??
Group Discussion
Case:
 Anda adalah pemimpin baru dari team Volley, propinsi SumBar yang akan melatih dan
memimpin pertandingan Volley seluruh indonesia.
 SumBar adalah juara bertahan yang sudah 2 x sebagai juara. Selama ini anda adalah
salah satu pemain unggulan SumBar.
 Seluruh masyarakat sumbar mendesak untuk bisa memecahkan record dengan keluar
sebagai juara 3 x berturut turut.
 Pertandingan akan diadakan 3 bulan dari sekarang.

 Tugas:
 Uraikan Positional Power dan Personal Power yang anda miliki, termasuk political
power.
 Bagaimana anda akan memanfaatkan Power tersebut untuk dapat meraih juara ke 3
kalinya.
 Bagaimana anda dapat melakukan ‘Empowerment’ kepada seluruh pemain dan stake-
holder lain. Uraikan bentuk dan kegiatannya.
 Bagaimana hubungan anda dengan para pemain, sebutkan beberapa contoh yang
spesifik.
 Tuliskan beberapa contoh kalimat/ komunikasi dalam melakukan empowerment pada
saat anda melakukan latihan, pada saat berhadapan dengan pemerintah pusat, pada
saat memberikan semangat sebelum pertandingan.
 Questions for Discussion and
Review:
1. What types of leaders are most effective? Why?

2. What are some of the ways leaders seek to influence

followers?

3. What are different sources of power and which types are

more associated with effective leadership?

4. How do you define personal power?

5. How important is it for leaders to be ethical?

6. Define empowerment and its place in leadership.

7. What is the difference between constitutional and

extraconstitutional powers?

8. What is the cornerstone of presidential leadership, according

to Neustadt?