POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION COMPONENT AND OPERATION

PRESENTED BY N C AVINASH AILE

AGENDA
Definition of Power System protection

1) Protection Setting
2) Purpose of Power system protection Generator Protection 1) Generator faults and protection techniques

2) Stator faults and its protection

Transmission Protection 1) Distance Protection Summary

INTRODUCTION
System protection is the art and science of detecting problems with power system components and isolating these components. Problems on the power system include:

1.Short circuits
2.Abnormal conditions 3.Equipment failures A power system is composed of a number of sections (equipment) such as generator, transformer, bus bar and transmission line These sections are protected by protective relaying systems comprising of instrument transformers (ITs), protective relays, circuit breakers (CBs) and communication equipment

Fig: Schematic Diagram of Power System

Purpose of System Protection Protect the public

Improve system stability

Minimize damage to equipment Protect against overloads
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Generator Protection

INTRODUCTION
In generating station, as a continuous operation of generators is much more necessary so the faulty part has to be cleared very quickly for uninterruptable power supply Unlike other apparatus, opening a breaker to isolate the faulty generator is not sufficient to prevent further damage The basic electrical quantities those are likely to change during abnormal fault conditions are current, voltage, phase angle and frequency Protective elements utilizes one or more of these quantities to detect abnormal conditions in a power system for taking further essential steps to isolate the faulty equipment to keep the healthy part in normal working condition
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GENERATOR FAULTS AND PROTECTION TECHNIQUES

Generator Faults Can be Considered Under The Following Heads: i. Stator Winding Faults ii. Field Winding or Rotor Circuit Faults iii. Abnormal Operating Conditions Followings Are The Different Process of Protecting Generator: i. Stator Protection ii. Overload or Over-current Protection iii. Overvoltage Protection iv. Over-speed Protection v. Protection Against Motoring vi. Rotor Fault Protection vii. Negative Sequence Protection Against Unbalanced Loads viii.Protection Against Vibration ix. Bearing Overheating Protection x. External Fault Back-Up Protection
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STATOR FAULTS AND ITS PROTECTION

Stator faults include the following: i. Phase-to-earth faults ii. Phase-to-phase faults iii. Inter-turn faults Phase-to-phase faults & Inter-turn faults are less common, these generally develop into an earth-faults. Inter-turn faults are more difficult to be detected. The Different Protection Schemes for Stator Protection are: i. Differential Protection ii. Modified Differential Protection iii. Biased Circulating Current Protection iv. Self Balance Protection System v. Balanced Earth-Fault Protection vi. Stator Inter-Turn Protection vii. Stator Overheating protection
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DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Two sets of identical CTs, each set is mounted on either side of stator phase winding. The secondary of these current transformer sets are connected in star & their ends are connected through pilot wires (shown in fig) At normal operating conditions, the currents at the two ends of the protected section are same (I1=I2). So relay will not operate

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DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
When the fault occurs the balance is disturbed and differential current (I1-I2) flows through the operating coil of the relay causing relay operation and the trip circuit of the circuit breaker is closed The relays employed in this protection scheme are generally of electromagnetic type & are arranged for instantaneous operation as faults are expected to be cleared as quick as possible

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Transformer protection Philosophy

Some discussion on the types of faults and their characteristic is useful in appreciating the protection principle and its limitations / capabilities. Following types of internal faults may occur in the transformer: i. Ground faults ii. Phase to phase faults iii. Inter turn faults iv. Core faults Following types of external faults may occur in the transformer: i. Overload ii. External short circuit iii. Over-voltages iv. Magnetizing inrush
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BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Fig: Basic arrangement of Buchholz relay

Fig: construction of Buchholz relay

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Classification of Transmission Lines

Short Transmission Line: If the transmission line length is about 50 km and the line voltage is low i.e. 20kv or less than that the line is treated as Short Transmission Line Medium Transmission Line: when the length of transmission line is lying between 50 km to 150 km and the line voltage is moderately high i.e. 20kv to 100kv it is treated as Medium Transmission Line Long Transmission Line: when the length of the transmission line length is more than 150 km and the line voltage is very high i.e. above 100kv then the line is considered as Long Transmission Line

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Transmission Line Protection

Type of faults in Transmission Line are: I. Single line-to-ground II. Line-to-line III. Three Phase IV. Line-to-line-to-ground Followings are the different method the protection of Transmission Line: I. Over-current II. Directional Over-current III. Distance (Impedance) IV.Pilot 1. DCB (Directional Comparison Blocking) 2. POTT (Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip) V. Line Current Differential
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Distance Protection
A distance relay measures the impedance of a line using the voltage applied to the relay and the current applied to the relay When a fault occurs on a line, the current rises significantly and the voltage collapses significantly The distance relay (also known as impedance relay) determines the impedance by Z = V/I. If the impedance is within the reach setting of the relay, it will operate.

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Summary
Switchgears & other protective devices are used in the electrical machines & in the power system elements I. To detect the abnormal faulty condition II. To notify this information to the maintenance officer of that factory or generation station III. To disconnect the faulty elements from the healthy system or shutdown the faulted apparatus for continuous operation of the machines, for safety of this expensive electrical devises as well as for the safety of the workers The protective device does not prevent the cause of fault or does not prevent to occurrence of fault , it is used after the occurrence of fault for quick action to remove those faulty section for further normal operation

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REFERENCES
A Course In Power Systems by J.B.Gupta Modern power System Analysis by D.P.Kothari & I.J.Nagrath www.wikipedia.com www.slideshare.net

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