IONIC COMPOUNDS

Chapter 4
Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially reactions in water aqueous

solutions.

KMnO4 in water

K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)

An Ionic Compound, CuCl2, in Water

Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are present in aqueous solutions?

The solutions conduct

electricity!

They are called

ELECTROLYTES

HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are

strong electrolytes.
They dissociate completely (or nearly so) into ions.

HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are strong electrolytes. They dissociate completely (or nearly so) into ions.

Aqueous Solutions

Aqueous Solutions
Acetic acid ionizes only to a small extent, so it is a weak electrolyte.

CH3CO2H(aq) ---> CH3CO2-(aq) + H+(aq)

Aqueous Solutions
Acetic acid ionizes only to a small extent, so it is a weak

electrolyte.

CH3CO2H(aq) --->
CH3CO2-(aq) + H+(aq)

Aqueous Solutions
Some compounds dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity. They are called nonelectrolytes. Examples include: sugar ethanol ethylene glycol

Water Solubility of Ionic Compounds

(2) (1)

If one ion from the Soluble Compd. list is present in a compound, the compound is water soluble.

(3)

(4)

(6)

(5)

Screenof 5.4 & Figure 5.1 Guidelines to predict the solubility ionic compounds

Water Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Common minerals are often formed with anions that lead to insolubility: sulfide, fluoride, carbonate, oxide.

Iron pyrite, a sulfide Azurite, a copper carbonate

Orpiment, arsenic sulfide

Predicting Reactions! Mixture 1: Na2SO4(aq)+BaCl2(aq) Mixture 2: Na2SO4(aq) +Pb(NO3)2(aq)

ACIDS
An acid -------> H+ in water

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Some strong acids are HCl H2SO4 HClO4 HNO3 hydrochloric sulfuric perchloric nitric

HNO3

ACIDS
An acid -------> H+ in water
HCl(aq) ---> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

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The Nature of Acids

HCl

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Cl-

H 2O

hydronium ion

H 3O+

Weak Acids
WEAK ACIDS = weak electrolytes CH3CO2H acetic acid H2CO3 carbonic acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid HF hydrofluoric acid

13

Acetic acid

ACIDS
Nonmetal oxides can be acids CO2(aq) + H2O(liq) ---> H2CO3(aq) SO3(aq) + H2O(liq) ---> H2SO4(aq) and can come from burning coal and oil.

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BASES
see Screen 5.9 and Table 5.2

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Base ---> OH- in water

NaOH(aq) ---> Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

NaOH is a strong base

Ammonia, NH3

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An Important Base

BASES
Metal oxides are bases CaO(s) + H2O(liq) --> Ca(OH)2(aq)

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CaO in water. Indicator shows solution is basic.

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Know the strong acids & bases!

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Net Ionic Equations

Formula Equation:

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)

We really should write Complete Ionic Equation:

Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) ---> H2(g) + Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) The two Cl- ions are SPECTATOR IONS they do not participate. Could have used NO3-.

Net Ionic Equations

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> H2(g) + MgCl2(aq) Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) ---> H2(g) + Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) We leave the spectator ions out Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) ---> H2(g) + Mg2+(aq)
to give the NET

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IONIC EQUATION

Chemical Reactions in Water

Sections 5.2 & 5.4-5.6CD-ROM Ch. 5

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We will look at

EXCHANGE REACTIONS
AY + BX

Pb(NO3) 2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) ----> PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

AX + BY

The anions exchange places between cations.

Precipitation Reactions
The driving force is the formation of an insoluble compound a precipitate.

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Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) -----> 2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) Net ionic equation Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) ---> PbI2(s)

Acid-Base Reactions
The driving force is the formation of water. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ---> NaCl(aq) + H2O(liq) Net ionic equation OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ---> H2O(liq)

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This applies to ALL reactions of STRONG

acids and bases.

Acid-Base Reactions
A-B reactions are sometimes called

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NEUTRALIZATIONS because the solution is

neither acidic nor basic at the end.
The other product of the A-B reaction is a SALT, MX.

HX + MOH ---> MX + H2O

Mn+ comes from base & Xn- comes from acid This is one way to make ionic compounds!

Gas-Forming Reactions
This is primarily the chemistry of metal carbonates. CO2 and water ---> H2CO3 H2CO3(aq) + Ca2+ ---> 2 H+(aq) + CaCO3(s) (limestone)

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Adding acid reverses this reaction.

MCO3 + acid ---> CO2 + salt

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Gas-Forming Reactions
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ---> 2 CaSO4(s) + H2CO3(aq) Carbonic acid is unstable and forms CO2 & H2O H2CO3(aq) ---> CO2 (g) + water
(Antacid tablet has citric acid + NaHCO3)

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See also: Gas Forming Reactions in Biological Systems

Three of the pioneers in working out the roles of NO forming reactions shared a Nobel Prize in 1988 for their discoveries.

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Quantitative Aspects of Reactions in Solution

Terminology
In solution we need to define the SOLVENT the component whose physical state is preserved when solution forms SOLUTE the other solution component

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Concentration of Solute
The amount of solute in a solution is given by its concentration.

Molarity (M) =

moles solute liters of solution

Concentration (M) = [ ]

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PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl26 H2O in enough water to make 250 mL of solution. Calculate molarity. Step 1: Calculate moles of NiCl26H2O
1 mol 5.00 g = 0.0210 mol 237.7 g

Step 2: Calculate molarity

0.0210 mol = 0.0841 M 0.250 L

[NiCl26 H2O ] = 0.0841 M

The Nature of a CuCl2 Solution Ion Concentrations

CuCl2(aq) -->

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Cu2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

If [CuCl2] = 0.30 M, then [Cu2+] = 0.30 M [Cl-] = 2 x 0.30 M

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USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M solution? Because Conc (M) = moles/volume = mol/V this means that

moles = MV

USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M solution?

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moles = MV

Step 1: Calculate moles of acid required. (0.0500 mol/L)(0.250 L) = 0.0125 mol Step 2: Calculate mass of acid required. (0.0125 mol )(90.00 g/mol) =

1.13 g

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Preparing Solutions
Weigh out a solid solute and dissolve in a given quantity of solvent.

Dilute a concentrated solution to give one that is less concentrated.

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PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do? Add water to the 3.0 M solution to lower its concentration to 0.50 M

Dilute the solution!

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PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do?

But how much water do we add?

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PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do? How much water is added?
The important point is that --->

moles of NaOH in ORIGINAL solution = moles of NaOH in FINAL solution

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do?
Amount of NaOH in original solution =

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MV

(3.0 mol/L)(0.050 L) = 0.15 mol NaOH Amount of NaOH in final solution must also = 0.15 mol NaOH 0.15/Volume of final solution = 0.5 M/ 1 L Volume of final solution =

(0.15 mol NaOH)(1 L/0.50 mol) = 0.30 L

or

300 mL

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do?

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Conclusion:

add 250 mL of water to

50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH to make 300 mL of 0.50 M NaOH.

Preparing Solutions by Dilution

A shortcut

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Cinitial Vinitial = Cfinal Vfinal

The pH Scale pH = log (1/ [H+])

= - log [H+]

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Remember : log a = b if 10b=a

In a neutral solution, [H+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7 M at 25 oC pH = - log [H+] = -log (1.00 x 10-7) - (-7) = 7
See CD Screen 5.17 for a tutorial

pH, a Concentration Scale

pH: a way to express acidity -- the concentration of H+ in solution.

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Low pH: high [H+]

High pH: low [H+]

Acidic solution Neutral Basic solution

pH < 7 pH = 7 pH > 7

[H+] and pH
If the [H+] of soda is 1.6 x 10-3 M, the pH is ____? Because pH = - log [H+] then pH= - log (1.6 x 10-3)

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pH = - (-2.80)

pH = 2.80
Whats the origin of the name of the soda 7up ?

ACID-BASE REACTIONS Titrations

H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ---> acid base Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(liq) Carry out this reaction using a TITRATION.

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Oxalic acid,

H2C2O4

Setup for titrating an acid with a base

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CCR, page 186

Titration

1. Add solution from the buret. 2. Reagent (base) reacts with compound (acid) in solution in the flask. 3. Indicator shows when exact stoichiometric reaction has occurred. 4. Net ionic equation H+ + OH- --> H2O 5. At equivalence point moles H+ = moles OH-

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LAB PROBLEM #1: Standardize a solution of NaOH i.e., accurately determine its concentration.
1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for titration to an equivalence point. What is the concentration of the NaOH?

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1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for titration to an equivalence point. What is the concentration of the NaOH? Step 1: Calculate amount of H2C2O4

1 mol 1.065 g = 0.0118 mol 90.04 g

Step 2: Calculate amount of NaOH reqd

2 mol NaOH 0.0118 mol acid = 0.0236 mol NaOH 1 mol acid

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1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for titration to an equivalence point. What is the concentration of the NaOH?
Step 1: Calculate amount of H2C2O4 = 0.0118 mol acid Step 2: Calculate amount of NaOH reqd = 0.0236 mol NaOH

Step 3: Calculate concentration of NaOH

0.0236 mol NaOH 0.663 M 0.03562 L

[NaOH] = 0.663 M

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LAB PROBLEM #2: Use standardized NaOH to determine the amount of an acid in an unknown.
Apples contain malic acid, C4H6O5. C4H6O5(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ---> Na2C4H4O5(aq) + 2 H2O(liq) 76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration. What is weight % of malic acid?

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76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration. What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 1: CV = = Step 2: Calculate amount of NaOH used. (0.663 M)(0.03456 L) 0.0229 mol NaOH Calculate amount of acid titrated.

1 mol acid 0.0229 mol NaOH 2 mol NaOH

= 0.0115 mol acid

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76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration. What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 1: = Step 2: = Calculate amount of NaOH used. 0.0229 mol NaOH Calculate amount of acid titrated 0.0115 mol acid

Step 3: Calculate mass of acid titrated.

134 g 0.0115 mol acid = 1.54 g mol

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76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration. What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 1: = Step 2: = Step 3: = Calculate amount of NaOH used. 0.0229 mol NaOH Calculate amount of acid titrated 0.0115 mol acid Calculate mass of acid titrated. 1.54 g acid
1.54 g 100% = 2.01% 76.80 g

Step 4: Calculate % malic acid.

pH and [H+]
If the pH of Coke is 3.12, it is ____________. Because pH = - log [H+] then

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log [H+] = - pH
Take antilog and get

[H+] = 10-pH
[H+] = 10-3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4 M

SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
Gas-forming reactions

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Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. Have 10.0 g of Zn What volume of 2.50 M HCl is needed to convert the Zn completely?

GENERAL PLAN FOR STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATIONS

Mass zinc Mass HCl

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Moles zinc

Stoichiometric factor

Moles HCl

Volume HCl

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Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. If you have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50 M HCl is needed to convert the Zn completely? Step 1: Write the balanced equation Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Step 2: Calculate amount of Zn

1.00 mol Zn 10.0 g Zn = 0.153 mol Zn 65.39 g Zn

Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor

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Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. If you have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50 M HCl is needed to convert the Zn completely?
Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor

2 mol HCl 0.153 mol Zn = 0.306 mol HCl 1 mol Zn

Step 4: Calculate volume of HCl reqd

1.00 L 0.306 mol HCl = 0.122 L HCl 2.50 mol

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EXCHANGE: Precipitation Reactions

EXCHANGE Gas-Forming Reactions

REACTIONS

EXCHANGE Acid-Base Reactions

REDOX REACTIONS

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REDOX REACTIONS
Redox reactions are characterized by ELECTRON TRANSFER between an electron donor and electron acceptor. Transfer leads to

1. increase in oxidation number of some element = OXIDATION 2. decrease in oxidation number of some element = REDUCTION

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REDOX REACTIONS

Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) ---> Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) In all reactions if something has been oxidized then something has also been reduced

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Why Study Redox Reactions

Batteries Corrosion

Manufacturing metals Fuels

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OXIDATION NUMBERS
The electric charge an element APPEARS to have when electrons are counted by some arbitrary rules:

1. Each atom in free element has ox. no. = 0. Zn O2 I2 S8 2. In simple ions, ox. no. = charge on ion. -1 for Cl+2 for Mg2+

OXIDATION NUMBERS
3. F always has an oxidation number of -1 when forming compounds with other elements. 4. Cl, Br and I have oxidation numbers of -1 when forming compounds with other elements, except when combined with oxygen and fluorine. 5a. O has ox. no. = -2

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(except in peroxides: in H2O2, O = -1)

OXIDATION NUMBERS
5b. Ox. no. of H = +1

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(except when H is associated with a metal as in NaH where it is -1)

6. Algebraic sum of oxidation numbers = 0 for a compound

= overall charge for an ion

OXIDATION NUMBERS
NH3 ClOH3PO4 MnO4N = Cl = P = Mn =
Oxidation number of F in HF?

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Cr2O72C3H8

Cr =
C =

Recognizing a Redox Reaction

Corrosion of aluminum

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2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) --> 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s)

Al(s) --> Al3+(aq) + 3 e Ox. no. of Al increases as e- are donated by the metal. Therefore, Al is OXIDIZED Al is the REDUCING AGENT in this balanced halfreaction.

Recognizing a Redox Reaction

Corrosion of aluminum

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2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) --> 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s)

Cu2+(aq) + 2 e- --> Cu(s) Ox. no. of Cu decreases as e- are accepted by the ion. Therefore, Cu is REDUCED Cu is the OXIDIZING AGENT in this balanced halfreaction.

Recognizing a Redox Reaction

Notice that the 2 half-reactions add up to give the overall reaction if we use 2 moles of Al and 3 moles of Cu2+. 2 Al(s) --> 2 Al3+(aq) + 6 e3 Cu2+(aq) + 6 e- --> 3 Cu(s)

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----------------------------------------------------------2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) ---> 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s) Final eqn. is balanced for mass and charge.

Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

See Table 5.4

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Metals (Cu) are reducing agents

HNO3 is an oxidizing agent Cu + HNO3 --> 2 K + 2 H2O --> Cu2+ + NO2 2 KOH + H2

Metals (Na, K, Mg, Fe) are reducing agents

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Recognizing a Redox Reaction

See Table 5.4

Reaction Type

Oxidation

Reduction

In terms of oxygen In terms of halogen In terms of electrons

gain gain loss

loss loss gain

Examples of Redox Reactions

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Metal + halogen 2 Al + 3 Br2 ---> Al2Br6

Examples of Redox Reactions

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Nonmetal (P) + Oxygen

Metal (Mg) + Oxygen

Examples of Redox Reactions

Metal + acid Mg + HCl Mg = reducing agent H+ = oxidizing agent

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Metal + acid Cu + HNO3 Cu = reducing agent HNO3 = oxidizing agent