International Seminar On Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Building Structures

Aug 23-24, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Seminar on Computer Aided Analysis and Design Of Building Structures

Institute of Engineers Malaysia Computers and Structures Inc., USA Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Building Structures Modeling and Analysis Concepts
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software, ACECOMS, AIT
Overall Design Process
Conception Modeling Analysis Design Detailing Drafting Costing
Integrated Design Process
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings
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ACECOMS
Building Systems
Building is an assemblage of various Systems
Basic Functional System Structural System HVAC System Plumbing and Drainage System Electrical, Electronic and Communication System Security System Other specialized systems
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ACECOMS
The Building Structural System - Physical

Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm Frame and Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting System
Floor Slab System

Gravity Load Resisting System
Sub-structure and Member Design
Beams, Columns, Two-way Slabs, Flat Slabs, Pile caps Shear Walls, Deep Beams, Isolated Footings, Combined Footings
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ACECOMS
The Building Structural System - Conceptual

The Gravity Load Resisting System (GLRS)
The structural system (beams, slab, girders, columns, etc) that act primarily to support the gravity or vertical loads
The Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS)

The structural system (columns, shear walls, bracing, etc) that primarily acts to resist the lateral loads
The Floor Diaphragm (FD)

The structural system that transfers lateral loads to the lateral load resisting system and provides in-plane floor stiffness
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ACECOMS
Building Response
Objective: To determine the load path gravity and lateral loads
For Gravity Loads - How Gravity Loads are Distributed

Analysis of Gravity Load Resisting System for:
Dead Load, Live Live Load, Pattern Loads, temperature, shrinkage
Important Elements: Floor slabs, beams, openings, Joists, etc.
For Lateral Loads How Lateral Loads are Distributed

Analysis of Lateral Load Resisting System for:
Wind Loads, Seismic Loads, Structural Un-symmetry
Important elements: Columns, shear walls, bracing , beams

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ACECOMS
Structural Response To Loads
The Simplified Structural System
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION
Loads Vibrations Settlements Thermal Changes
pv
RESPONSES
Displacements Strains Stress Stress Resultants
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ACECOMS
Analysis of Structures
pv
Real Structure is governed by Partial Differential Equations of various order
Direct solution is only possible for: Simple geometry Simple Boundary Simple Loading.
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ACECOMS
The Need for Modeling

A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed: It can only be Load Tested to determine response
B - We can only analyze a Model of the Structure C - We therefore need tools to Model the Structure and to Analyze the Model
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ACECOMS
The Need for Structural Model

STRUCTURE EXCITATION
Loads Vibrations Settlements Thermal Changes
pv
RESPONSES
Displacements Strains Stress Stress Resultants
Structural Model
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ACECOMS
Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool

Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
A discretized solution to a continuum problem using FEM
Finite Element Method (FEM)

A numerical procedure for solving (partial) differential equations associated with field problems, with an accuracy acceptable to engineers
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ACECOMS
Continuum to Discrete Model
pv
3D-CONTINUM MODEL (Governed by partial differential equations)

CONTINUOUS MODEL OF STRUCTURE (Governed by either partial or total differential equations)
DISCRETE MODEL OF STRUCTURE (Governed by algebraic equations)

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ACECOMS
From Classical to FEM Solution

Classical
Actual Structure Assumptions Equilibrium Structural Model Stress-Strain Law Compatibility
FEM
Partial Differential Equations
Algebraic Equations K = Stiffness r = Response R = Loads

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ACECOMS
(Principle of Virtual Work)
Simplified Structural System
Loads (F)
Fv
Deformations (D)
D
F
F=KD
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ACECOMS
The Structural System
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
pv
EXCITATION
Static Dynamic
Elastic Inelastic
Linear Nonlinear
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ACECOMS
The Equilibrium Equations

1. Linear-Static Elastic OR Inelastic
2. Linear-Dynamic Elastic
3. Nonlinear - Static
Elastic OR Inelastic
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic
Elastic OR Inelastic
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ACECOMS
Basic Steps in FEA

Evaluate Real Structure Create Structural Model Discretize Model in FE Solve FE Model
Engineer
Interpret FEA Results Physical significance of Results
Engineer + Software Software
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ACECOMS
Discretization of Continuums
General Solid
( Orthogonal dimensions)
Z
H, B much less than L
Regular Solid
( T small compared to Lengths )
Y X
Beam Element
Solid Element
Plate/ Shell
Membrane/ Panel In-Plane, Only Axial

Plate/ Slab Out of Plane, Only Bending
Shell In-Plane and Bending

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ACECOMS
Global Modeling of Structural Geometry
(f) Grid-Plate
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ACECOMS
Dimensions of Elements
1 D Elements (Beam type)
Can be used in 1D, 2D and 2D 2-3 Nodes. A, I etc.
2 D Elements (Plate type)

Can be used in 2D and 3D Model 3-9 nodes. Thickness
3 D Elements (Brick type)

Can be used in 3D Model 6-20 Nodes.
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ACECOMS
DOF for 1D Elements

Dy
Rz Dy Dx Dz Dy Dx
2D Truss
2D Beam
3D Truss
Ry
Dy Rz
Dy Dx
Rz Rx Rz Dz
Dy Dx Rx
2D Frame
2D Grid
3D Frame
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ACECOMS
DOF for 2D Elements

Ry ? Dy Rz Dy Ry ? Dy Dz Rz Dx Rx
Dx
Rx
Membrane
Plate
Shell
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DOF for 3D Elements

Dy Dz Dx
Solid/ Brick
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ACECOMS
Frame and Grid Model

The structure represented by rod or bar type elements Does not model the cross-section dimensions Suitable for skeletal structures Sometimes surface type structures can also be represented by frame model The simplest and easiest model to construct, analyze and interpret Can be in 2D or in 3D space
2D Frame
3D Frame
2D Grid
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ACECOMS
Membrane Model
Ignore bending stiffness Tension / Compression In- plane Shear For in plane loads Principle Stresses suitable for very thin structures / members Thin Walled Shells, Specially Suitable for Ferro Cement Structure
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ACECOMS
Plane Stress and Plane
Plane Strain Problem
Plane Stress Problem
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ACECOMS
Plate Bending Model

Primarily Bending mode Moment and Shear are predominant Suitable for moderately thick slabs and plates For Out-of-plane loads only Can be used in 3D or 2D models Suitable for planks and relatively flat structures
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ACECOMS
General Plate-Shell Model

Combined Membrane and Plate Suitable for general application to surface structures Suitable for curved structures Thick shell and thin shell implementations available Membrane thickness and plate thickness can be specified separately Numerous results generated. Difficult to design the section for combined actions
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ACECOMS
Solid Model
Shear Axial deformation mode in 3D Suitable for micro-models Suitable for very thick plates / solids May not be applicable much to ferocement structures
Use 6 to 20 node elements
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ACECOMS
Soil-Structure Interaction
Simple Supports
Fix, Pin, Roller etc. Support Settlement
Elastic Supports
Spring to represent soil Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction
Full Structure-Soil Model

Use 2D plane stress elements Use 3D Solid Elements
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ACECOMS
Connecting Different Types of Elements

Truss Truss Frame Membrane Plate Shell Solid Frame Membrane Plate Shell Solid
OK Rx, Ry, Rz OK Rx, Rz
OK OK OK OK
Dz Rx, Ry, Rz, Dz OK Rx, Rz Rx, Ry, Rz, Dz Dz
OK Rx ? Dx, Dy Dx, Dy OK
OK Rx ? OK OK
OK Rx, Ry, Rz OK Rx, Rz
Rx, Ry, Rz
OK
OK
OK
Dx, Dz
Dx, Dz
OK
OK
Rx, Rz
OK
Orphan Degrees Of Freedom:

0 1 2 3 4
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ACECOMS
What Type of Analysis should be Carried Out?

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ACECOMS
Analysis Type
The type of Analysis to be carried out depends on the Structural System

The Type of Excitation (Loads) The Type Structure (Material and Geometry) The Type Response
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ACECOMS
Basic Analysis Types

Excitation Structure Response
Static Static Static Elastic Elastic Inelastic Linear Nonlinear Linear
Basic Analysis Type

Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static
Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic
Inelastic
Elastic Elastic Inelastic Inelastic
Nonlinear
Linear Nonlinear Linear Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
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ACECOMS
Some More Solution Types

Non-linear Analysis
P-Delta Analysis Buckling Analysis Static Pushover Analysis Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA) Large Displacement Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Free Vibration and Modal Analysis Response Spectrum Analysis Steady State Dynamic Analysis
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ACECOMS
Static Vs Dynamic
Static Excitation
When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time When the Load can be assumed to be applied Slowly
Dynamic Excitation
When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time When the Inertial Force becomes significant
Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are considered Quasi Static Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to Equivalent Static Loads
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ACECOMS
Elastic Vs Inelastic
Elastic Material
Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may not returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic behavior depending upon level of loading.
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ACECOMS
Linear Vs Nonlinear
Linearity
The response is directly proportional to excitation
(Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
Non-Linearity
The response is not directly proportional to excitation
(deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
Non-linear response may be produced by:

Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity) Material Effects (Material non-linearity) Both
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ACECOMS
Elasticity and Linearity

Action Action
Linear-Elastic
Linear-Inelastic
Deformation
Deformation
Action
Action
Nonlinear-Elastic
Deformation
Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation
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ACECOMS
Physical Object Based Modeling, Analysis and Design
Continuum Vs Structure
A continuum extends in all direction, has infinite particles, with continuous variation of material properties, deformation characteristics and stress state A Structure is of finite size and is made up of an assemblage of substructures, components and members Dicretization process is used to convert Structure to Finite Element Models for determining response
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ACECOMS
Physical Categorization of Structures

Structures can be categorized in many ways. For modeling and analysis purposes, the overall physical behavior can be used as basis of categorization
Cable or Tension Structures Skeletal or Framed Structures Surface or Spatial Structures Solid Structures Mixed Structures
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Structure Types
Cable Structures
Cable Nets Cable Stayed
Bar Structures
2D/3D Trusses 2D/3D Frames, Grids
Surface Structures
Plate, Shell In-Plane, Plane Stress
Solid Structures
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ACECOMS
Structure, Member, Element

Structure can considered as an assemblage of Physical Components called Members
Slabs, Beams, Columns, Footings, etc.
Physical Members can be modeled by using one or more Conceptual Components called Elements
1D elements, 2D element, 3D elements Frame element, plate element, shell element, solid element, etc.
Modeling in terms Graphical Objects to represent Physical Components relieves the engineers from intricacies and idiosyncrasy of finite element discretization
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ACECOMS
Structural Members
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ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path For Gravity Loads

Most loads are basically Volume Loads generated due to mass contained in a volume
Mechanism and path must be found to transfer these loads to the Supports through a Medium
All types of Static Loads can be represented as:

Point Loads Line Loads
Area Loads Volume Loads
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ACECOMS
The Load Transfer Path

The Load is transferred through a medium which may be:
A Point A Line An Area A Volume A system consisting of combination of several mediums
The supports may be represented as:

Point Supports Line Supports Area Supports Volume Supports
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ACECOMS
Graphic Object Representation

Object Load
Point Load Concentrated Load
Geometry Medium
Node
Support Boundary
Point Support Column Support
Point Line Area Volume
Beam Load Wall Load Slab Load

Slab Load Wind Load Seismic Load Liquid Load
Beam / Truss Connection Element Spring Element

Plate Element Shell Element Panel/ Plane Solid Element
Line Support Wall Support Beam Support

Soil Support
Soil Support
ETABS uses graphic object modeling concept

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ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path is difficult to Determine

Complexity of Load Transfer Mechanism depend on:
Complexity of Load Complexity of Medium Complexity of Boundary
Load
Vol. Area
Line
Point Line Line Area Volume Area Volume
Medium
Boundary
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ACECOMS
Load Transfer Path is difficult to Determine
Point
Line
Area
Volume
Transfer of a Point Load to Point Supports Through Various Mediums
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ACECOMS
Objects in ETABS
Building Object Specific Classification
Plank One way slabs Slab One way or Two way slabs Deck Special one way slabs Wall Shear Walls, Deep Beams, In-Fill Panel Frame Column, Beam or Brace Shell Plate Membrane Beam Node
Finite Elements
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ACECOMS
The Frame Element

The Actions Corresponding to Six DOF at Both Ends, in Local Coordinate System
2 1 2 1
+V2
2
+M2 +P
2 3
+T
3
+V3
+M3
+V3 +P
+M3
+V2
+T
+M2
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ACECOMS
Shell Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 6 (or 5) Total Displacements per Node = 3 Total Rotations per Node = 3 Used for curved surfaces
Application
For Modeling surface elements carrying general loads
Building Specific Application

May be used for modeling of general slabs systems. But not used generally
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ACECOMS
Plate Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 3 Total Displacements per Node = 1 Total Rotations per Node = 2 Plates are for flat surfaces
Application
For Modeling surface elements carrying out of plane loads

For representing floor slabs for Vertical Load Analysis Model slabs
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ACECOMS
Membrane Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 3 (or 2) Total Displacements per Node = 2 Total Rotations per Node = 1 (or 0) Membranes are modeled for flat surfaces
Application
For Modeling surface elements carrying in-plane loads

For representing floor slabs for Lateral Load Analysis. Model Shear walls, Floor Diaphragm etc
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ACECOMS
Meshing Slabs and Walls
Zipper
In general the mesh in the slab should match with mesh in the wall to establish connection
Some software automatically establishes connectivity by using constraints or Zipper elements
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ACECOMS
Selection Of Structural Systems
Basic Concepts and Considerations
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ACECOMS
Knowledge Model for System Selection

Architecture Building Services Construction Eng. Value Eng. Aesthetics Ergonomics Eng. Structural Eng. Knowledge Eng. Economics Artificial Intelligence System Eng. Common Sense
Building Services Engineering
En Ju gine Co dgem ering mm en on t an Se d ns e
re ctu ite ch Ar
So ftw
are E
ng in
ee ri
ng
s tem s Sy
g rin e e gin n E
Construction Engineering
Structural System Selection
Artificial Intelligence
Ae sth e
Ergo n Eng omics inee ring
Structural Engineering
n eE u l Va
ng eri e gin
tics
Ec on om ics
dge wle ing Kno ineer Eng
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ACECOMS
Determining System Suitability

The Analytical Hierarchy Approach
A weighted importance and suitability value analysis to determine the comparative value of a system or option
Value of an Option
Global Importance Weights and Scores
Sub Importance Weights and Scores
Suitability Value and Score
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ACECOMS
Evaluating System Suitability

The Suitability Equation
Using the Suitability Equation

Slab Systems Criteria Weights and Scores Main Criteria Ai Sub Criteria Bij Item k Wt System 1 System l System - q Cijkl Sijkl Cijnl Sijpl Cinkl Sinkl Cinnl Sinpl Smnpl
Score
Am Sub Criteria Bin Bmn Item p

Score
System Value (V)
Item p Wt
Score
Item k Wt
Score
Item p Wt
Score
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ACECOMS
Assigning Suitability Values

Score or Weight Representation of Suitability
10 8,9
Most important, most suitable, most desirable, essential Very important, very suitable, very desirable
6,7
5 4,3 1,2 0
Important, suitable or desirable

May be or could be important, suitable or desirable May not be important, suitable or desirable Not important, not suitable, not desirable Definitely not required, definitely not suitable, ignore
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ACECOMS
Selection of Structural System

Function has considerable effect on the selection of structural system
Based on Function/Occupancy of Tall Buildings: Residential Buildings
Apartments Hotels Dormitories
Office and Commercial Buildings Mixed Occupancy Commercial + Residential Industrial Buildings and Parking Garages
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ACECOMS
Typical Characteristics of Residential Bldg

Known location of partitions and their load Column lines generally matches architectural layout Typical spans 15-22 ft Tall buildings economy in achieved using the thinnest slab One way pre-cast or flat slab popular Lateral load resistance provided by frame or shear walls More or less fixed M/E system layouts
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ACECOMS
Typical Characteristics of Office and Commercial Bldg

Unknown location of partitions and their load Typical spans 20-35 ft Need for flexible M/E layouts Post-tension or ribbed and flat slab with drop panel popular
Ideal balance between vertical and lateral load resisting systems: sufficient shear walls to limit the resultant tension under gravity plus wind Lateral load resistance varies significantly
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ACECOMS
Vertical Load Resisting Systems

The Components Needed to Complete the Load-Transfer Path for Vertical Gravity Loads
Gravity Load Resisting Systems

Purpose To Transfer Gravity Loads Applied at the Floor Levels down to the Foundation Level Direct Path Systems
Slab Supported on Load Bearing Walls Slab Supported on Columns
Indirect Multi Path Systems

Slab Supported on Beams Beams Supported on Other Beams Beams Supported on Walls or Columns
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Vertical Load Resisting Systems

1. Slabs supported on Long Rigid Supports
Supported on stiff Beams or Walls One-way and Two-way Slabs Main consideration is flexural reinforcement Supported on Columns directly Flat Slab Floor systems Main consideration is shear transfer, moment distribution in various parts, lateral load resistance
2. Slab-System supported on Small Rigid Supports
3. Slabs supported on soil

Slabs on Grade: Light, uniformly distributed loads Footings, Mat etc. Heavy concentrated loads
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ACECOMS
Vertical Load Behavior and Response
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ACECOMS
Popular Gravity Load Resting Systems

Direct Load Transfer Systems (Single load transfer path)
Flat Slab and Flat Plate Beam-Slab Waffle Slab Wall Joist
Indirect Load Transfer System (Multi step load transfer path)

Beam, Slab Girder, Beam, Slab Girder, Joist
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ACECOMS
Conventional Approach
For Wall Supported Slabs
Assume load transfer in One-Way or Two-Way manner Uniform, Triangular or Trapezoidal Load on Walls
For Beam Supported Slabs

Assume beams to support the slabs in similar ways as walls Design slabs as edge supported on beams Transfer load to beams and design beams for slab load
For Flat-Slabs or Columns Supported Slabs

Assume load transfer in strips directly to columns
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ACECOMS
Popular Gravity Load Resting Systems
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ACECOMS
Gravity Load Transfer Paths
Single Path
Slab On Walls
Single Path
Slab on Columns
Dual Path
Slab On Beams, Beams on Columns
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Gravity Load Transfer Paths
Mixed Path
Slab On Walls Slab On Beams Beams on Walls
Complex Path
Slab on Beams Slab on Walls Beams on Beams Beams on Columns
Three Step Path

Slab On Ribs Ribs On Beams Beams on Columns
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ACECOMS
Simplified Load Transfer
To Lines
To Points
To Lines and Points
Transfer of Area Load

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ACECOMS
Load Transfer Through Slab and Beam
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ACECOMS
Slab Deformation and Beams
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ACECOMS
Slab System Behavior
D B
Slab T = 200 mm Beam Width, B = 300 mm Beam Depth, D a) 300 mm b) 500 mm c) 1000 mm
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ACECOMS
Moment Distribution in Beam-Slab

Effect of Beam Size on Moment Distribution
a) Beam Depth = 300 mm
c) Beam Depth = 1000 mm

b) Beam Depth = 500 mm

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ACECOMS
Moment Distribution in Slabs Only

Effect of Beam Size on Moment Distribution
a) Beam Depth = 300 mm
b) Beam Depth = 500 mm
c) Beam Depth = 1000 mm
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ACECOMS
Modeling and Analysis for Vertical Loads
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ACECOMS
Modeling for Gravity Loads

Must be carried out for several load cases/ patterns Does not change much for different floors 1. Use Direct Design Methods
Model, analyze and design Floor by Floor, Without columns Slab analysis and design by using Coefficients Beam analysis as continuous beams Model slab/ beam for in-plane loads Model, analyze and design Floor by Floor, With columns Model slab and beams for out-of plane loads Analyze un-symmetrical loads, geometry, openings etc.
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2. Use Sub-Frame Concept
3. Use Grid, Plate Model for the Floor
4. Use full 3D Modeling

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings ACECOMS
The Design Strip Concept
Middle Strip Design Strip Column Strip Middle Strip
Design Strip
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ACECOMS
Using Equivalent Frame Method Design Strip
Design Strip
Middle Strip Column Strip Middle Strip
Drop Panels Longitudinal Beams
L2
L2
Transverse Beams
L1
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ACECOMS
Lateral Load Resisting Systems

The Components Needed to Complete the Load-Transfer Path for Lateral Loads
Lateral Load Bearing Systems

Purpose To Transfer Lateral Loads Applied at any location in the structure down to the Foundation Level Single System
Moment Resisting Frames Braced Frames Shear Walls Tubular Systems
Dual System
Shear Wall - Frames Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
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Lateral Loads
Primary Lateral Loads
Load generated by Wind Pressure Load generated due to Seismic Excitation
Other Lateral Loads

Load generated due to horizontal component of Gravity Loads in Inclined Systems and in Un-symmetrical structures Load due to lateral soil pressure, liquid and material retention
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ACECOMS
Sample Lateral Load Resistance Systems

Bearing wall system
Light frames with shear panels Load bearing shear walls
Fully Braced System (FBS)

Shear Walls (SW) Diagonal Bracing (DB)
Moment Resisting Frames (MRF)

Special Moment-Resisting Frames (SMRF) Concrete Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frame (IMRF) Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame (OMRF)
Dual Systems (DS)

Shear Walls + Frames (SWF) Ordinary Braced Frame (OBF) Special Braced Frame (SBF)
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ACECOMS
Moment Resisting Frame

The Load is transferred by shear in columns, that produces moment in columns and in beams The Beam-Column connection is crucial for the system to work The moments and shear from later loads must be added to those from gravity loads
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ACECOMS
Shear Wall and Frame

The lateral loads is primarily resisted by the shear in the walls, in turn producing bending moment The openings in wall become areas of high stress concentration and need to be handled carefully Partial loads is resisted by the frames Traditionally 75/25 distribution haws been used
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ACECOMS
Shear Wall - Frame

The Walls are part of the frame and act together with the frame members The lateral loads is primarily resisted by the shear in the walls, in turn producing bending moment. Partial loads is resisted by the frame members in moment and shear
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ACECOMS
Braced Frame
The lateral loads is primarily resisted by the Axial Force in the braces, columns and beams in the braced zone. The frame away from the braced zone does not have significant moments Bracing does not have to be provided in every bay, but should be provided in every story
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ACECOMS
Tubular Structure
The system is formed by using closely spaced columns and deep spandrel beams The lateral loads is primarily resisted by the entire building acting as a big cantilever with a tubular/ box cross-section There is a shear lag problem between opposite faces of the tube due to in-efficiency of column beam connection The height to width ratio should be more than 5
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ACECOMS
Braced Tube Systems

Diagonal Braces are added to the basic tubular structure This modification of the Tubular System reduces shear lag between opposite faces
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ACECOMS
Lateral Load Resisting System

Behavior, Response and Modeling
Modeling for Lateral Loads

1. 2D Frame Models
Convert building in to several 2D frames in each direction Suitable for symmetrical loads and geometry Make a 3D frame model of entire building structure Can be open floor model or braced floor model A full 3D Finite Element Model using plate and beam elements A special model suitable for buildings that uses the concept of Rigid Floor Diaphragm
2. 3D Frame Model
3. Full 3D Finite Element Model 4. Rigid Diaphragm Model
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ACECOMS
Modeling as 2D Frame(s)
Convert 3D Building to an assemblage of 2D Frames
Using Independent Frames Using Linked Frames Using Sub-Structuring Concept
Advantages
Easier to model, analyze and interpret Fairly accurate for Gravity Load Analysis
Main Problems:
Center of Stiffness and Center of Forces my not coincide Difficult to consider building torsional effects Several Frames may need to be modeled in each direction Difficult to model non-rectangular framing system
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ACECOMS
Create a Simple 2D Model

2. Select and isolate Typical 2D Structure
1. Consider the Structure Plan and 3D View
3. Discretize the Model, apply loads
4. Obtain results
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ACECOMS
Using Linked Frames

F1
Linked Elements
Shear Wall
F2
F3
Modeling
Plan
F1 F2 F3
Link Element can allow only to transmit the shear and axial force from one end to other end. It has moment discontinuity at both ends Link Element act as a member which links the forces of one frame to another frame, representing the effect of Rigid Floor.
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ACECOMS
Typical Frame Elevation

Full 3D Finite Element Model

The columns and beams are modeled by using beam elements The slabs and shear walls are modeled by using plate elements
At least 9 or 16 elements in each slab panel must be used if gravity loads are applied to the slabs If the model is only for lateral analysis, one element per slab panel may be sufficient to model the inplane stiffness Shear walls may be modeled by plate or panel or plane stress element. The out of plane bending is not significant
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ACECOMS
Full 3D Finite Element Model

Example:
Uses more than 4000 beam and plate elements Suitable for analysis for gravity and lateral loads Results can be used for design of columns and beams Slab reinforcement difficult to determine from plate results
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ACECOMS
Modeling of Floor Diaphragm

Use Plate Elements
Panels, Plane Stress
Use Diagonal Bracing
Use Diagonals
In 3D Frame Models
Use Conceptual Rigid Diaphragm

Link Frames in 2D Master DOF in 3D Use Approximately
Use Plate Elements
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ACECOMS
The Rigid Floor Diaphragm

Combines the simplicity and advantages of the 2D Frame models with the accuracy of the 3D models Basic Concept:
The building structure is represented by vertical units (2D Frames, 3D Frames and Shear Walls), connected by the invisible rigid diaphragm The lateral movement of all vertical units are connected to three master degree of freedom This takes into account the building rotation and its effect on the vertical units. The modeling and analysis is greatly simplified and made efficient
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ACECOMS
Rigid Floor Diaphragm Concept

Modeled as Rigid Horizontal Plane of infinite in-plane stiffness (in X-Y plane) Assumed to have a hinge connection with frame member or shear wall, so flexural influence of all floors to lateral stiff ness is neglected All column lines of all frames at particular level can not deform independent of each other The floor levels of all frames must be at the same elevation and base line, but they need not have same number of stories
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ACECOMS
How RFD Concept Works

Building d.o.f.s
UL
Y
F1 , 1
rq
UL3 X UL2 UL1
rY
F3 , 3
rx
F3 , 2 F2 , 1
Local Frame DOF
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ACECOMS
When Single Rigid Floor Cannot be Used
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ACECOMS
Automatic Floor Meshing and Auto Load Transfer (In ETABS)
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ACECOMS
Area Objects: Slab

By default uses two-way load transfer mechanism Simple RC solid slab Can also be used to model one way slabs
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ACECOMS
Area Object: Deck

Use one-way load transfer mechanism Metallic Composite Slabs
Includes shear studs

Generally used in association with composite beams Deck slabs may be o Filled Deck o Unfilled Deck o Solid Slab Deck
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ACECOMS
Area Object: Plank

By default use one-way load transfer mechanism Generally used to model pre-cast slabs Can also be simple RC solid slab
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ACECOMS
Automatic Floor Meshing

First step to Auto Load Transfer
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ACECOMS
Basic Floor Modeling Object

Points
Columns Load Points Boundary Point
Lines
Beams
Areas
Deck: Represents a Steel Metal Deck, One way Load Transfer Plank : Represents clearly on-way slab portion Slab: Represents one-way or two-way slab portion Opening: Represents Openings in Floor
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ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing
ETABS automatically meshes all line objects with frame section properties into the analysis model ETABS meshes all floor type (horizontal) area objects (deck or slab) into the analysis model Meshing does not change the number of objects in the model To mesh line objects with section properties use Edit menu > Divide Lines To mesh area objects with section properties use Edit menu > Mesh Areas
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ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing
Automatic Meshing of Line Objects
Frame elements are meshed at locations where other frame elements attach to or cross them and at locations where point objects lie on them. Line objects assigned link properties are never automatically meshed into the analysis model by ETABS ETABS automatically meshes (divides) the braces at the point where they cross in the analysis model No end releases are introduced.
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ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing of Line Objects

Girder A Piece 1 Beam 1 Piece 2 Beam 2 Piece 3
Beam 1
Girder B
a) Floor Plan
Example showing how beams are automatically divided (meshed) where they support other beams for the ETABS analysis model
Beam 2
b) Girders A and B As Modeled in the ETABS Analysis Model
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ACECOMS
Automatic Meshing of Area Objects

ETABS automatically meshes a floor-type area object up into foursided (quadrilateral) elements Each side of each element of the mesh has a beam (Real or Imaginary) or wall running along it ETABS treats a wall like two columns and a beam where the columns are located at the ends of the wall and the beam connects the columns. Each column is assumed to have four beams connecting to it The floor is broken up at all walls and all real and imaginary beams to create a mesh of four-sided elements
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ACECOMS

Girder A Girder A
Beam 1
Beam 2
Beam 3
Beam 1
Beam 2
Girder B a) Floor Plan
Girder B b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Shown Dashed c) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing
Example of ETABS automatically generated mesh for floor-type area objects
Beam 3
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ACECOMS

Example of ETABS automatically generated mesh for floor-type area objects
a) Floor Plan (No Beams)
b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Connecting Columns Shown Dashed
c) ETABS Imaginary Beams Extended to Edge of Floor Shown Dashed
d) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing
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ACECOMS

For floors that are automatically meshed by ETABS it is recommended that model beams (or at least null-type line objects) are connecting columns rather than no beams (or line objects) This makes the automatic meshing for the analysis model cleaner, faster and more predictable Including beams and/or null-type line objects between all columns in your model makes automatic floor meshing more predictable
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ACECOMS

C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
Illustration of how ETABS creates the distribution of imaginary beams

C1 a) C4 C2 C1 b) C4 C2 C1 c) C4 C2
C3
C3
C3
C1 d) C4
C2
C1 e) C4
C2
C1 f) C4
C2
C3
C3
C3
C1 g)
C2
C1 h)
C2
C1 i)
C2
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ACECOMS
Automatic Transformation and Transfer of Floor Loads to Appropriate Elements

(Using the Auto Meshed Geometry)
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ACECOMS
Load Transformation
The main issue:
How point loads, line loads and area loads that lie on an area object in your object-based ETABS model are represented in the analysis model There are four distinct types of load transformation in ETABS for out-of-plane load transformation for floor-type area objects
with deck section properties with slab section properties that have membrane behavior only all other types of area objects In-plane load transformation for all types of area objects
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ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Area Objects
load transformation occurs after any automatic meshing into the analysis model ETABS normalizes the coordinates of the four corner points of the area object The normalization is the key assumption in this method
(-1, -1) 3 3 a) Quadrilateral Element s (-1, 1) 2 1 r
e4 Edg Edg
Edge 1
Edge 1
e4
s 2
1 r
e2
Ed g
4 3
Ed g
Edge 3
e2
Edge 3
b) The r and s Axes s (-1, 1) 2 (r, s) P 4 1 r
(1, 1)
(1, 1)
(1, -1)
(-1, -1)
(1, -1)
It is a perfectly valid assumption if the quadrilateral is a square, rectangular or a parallelogram
c) Corner Point r-s Coordinates
d) Point Load, P
Example of transfer of out-of-plane loads for other area objects
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ACECOMS
Load Transformation
The load distribution for deck sections is one way, in contrast to slab sections which are assumed to span in two directions ETABS first automatically meshes the deck into quadrilateral elements Once the meshing is complete ETABS determines the meshed shell elements that have real beams along them and those that have imaginary beams It also determines which edges of the meshed shell elements are also edges of the deck.
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ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Uniform Load
If the supporting member at the end point of an imaginary beam is itself imaginary, then the load from the imaginary beam tributary to that end point is lost, that is, it is ignored by ETABS
x Edge 3 Direction of deck span

Edge 4 Edge 2 Edge 4
x/2 Edge 3
x/2 wx / 2
Edge 2
c) Loading on Edges 2 and 4
Uniform load = w Edge 1 a) Rectangular Interior Element of Meshed Floor Edge 1 b) Distribution of Uniform Load
Example of rectangular interior meshed element with a uniform load

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ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Point Load
ETABS distributes the point load to the appropriate edge beams (based on the direction of the deck span)
If the beams along edges are real beams ETABS transfers the load onto adjacent beams If the supporting member at the end point of an imaginary beam is itself imaginary, then the load from the imaginary beam tributary to that end point is lost, that is, it is ignored by ETABS
x1 x2 Edge 3 Direction of deck span
Edge 4
P * x1 x1 + x2 Edge 2 x2 P * x1 x1 + x2 d) Loading on Edge 4 c) Loading on Edge 2 P * x2 x1 + x2
Point load, P
Edge 2
Edge 4 x1 P * x2
Edge 1 a) Rectangular Interior Element of Meshed Floor
x1 + x2 b) Distribution of Point Load
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ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Rectangular Interior Meshed Element with Line Load A line load is transformed in a similar fashion to that for a point load using a numerical integration technique The line load is discredited as a series of point loads which are transformed to surrounding beams The series of point loads is then converted back to a line load on the surrounding beams
An area load that does not cover the entire element is also transformed in a similar fashion to that for a point load using a numerical integration technique.
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ACECOMS
General Interior Meshed Element

3 Edge
Uniform load
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Direction of deck span
Midpoint
Edge
P3
2 Edge
3 Edge Line 3 P3
Edge
Edge 1
a) General Interior Element of Meshed Floor Deck b)
Edge 1
c)
Edge 1
Edge
P2 P1
Edge 1
P2 P1
Line 2 Line 1
2 Edge
3 Edge
Edge
2 Edge
Edge
Edge 1
a) General Interior Element of Meshed Floor Deck
b)
Edge 1
d)
Edge
Edge 1
e) Transformation of Uniform Load f) Loading on Edge 1
Example of general interior meshed element with a point load

g) Loading on Edge 2 h) Loading on Edge 3 i) Loading on Edge 4
Example of general interior meshed element with a uniform load

AIT - Thailand
2 Edge
ACECOMS
Edge
Midpoint
Exterior Meshed Element

Example of exterior meshed elements with real beams on all sides
Edge of deck is at center of spandrel beam, typical in this example Beam 1b Beam 1a Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 2b
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
a) Floor Plan
b) Deck Meshing
No beam at edge of deck Beam 4a
Beam 4b
a) Floor Plan
b) Deck Meshing
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ACECOMS
Imaginary Beam 5
Example of exterior meshed elements with cantilever beams extending to edge of deck
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
D
Beam 3a
Beam 3a
Beam 3b
Beam 3b
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 1a
Imaginary Beam 6
No beam at edge of deck

Imagin ary Be am 7
Beam 1b
Beam 3a
Beam 2b
Beam 3b
Beam 1b
D
Beam 3a
Beam 3b
a) Floor Plan
b) Deck Meshing D
Imagin ary Be am 8 E2
Example of exterior meshed elements with cantilever beams extending to edge of a skewed deck
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
ImaginaryBeam 6
Imagin
ary Be
am 8
Beam 2b
Beam 2b
a Imagin
ry Bea
m7
Beam 1b
D
Beam 3a
E1
Beam 3b
c) Condition at Skewed Deck Edge (Areas D and E)
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
ImaginaryBeam 6

Edge of deck
D
Beam 1 Column 1 Beam 1
Column 1
Beam 2
Beam 2
a) Floor Plan
b) Deck Meshing
Example of exterior meshed elements with overhanging slab
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

G
Beam 2b Beam 2b
H E F
Beam 3b Beam 3a
I J
Beam 1a
Beam 1b
Beam 1a
Beam 1b
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
a) Floor Plan
b) Deck Meshing
Example of exterior meshed elements with overhanging slab
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
Effect of Deck Openings

4' 6' 14' Note: Assume floor loading is 100 psf. Opening is either loaded or unloaded as noted in c, d, e and f which are loading diagrams for Beam 1. 4' 6' 14' 0.6 klf
Example of effect of openings on distribution of load over deck sections
4'
6'
0.2 klf Beam 1
2'
c) Unframed, unloaded opening a) Floor Plan with Unframed Opening 4' 6' 14' d) Unframed, loaded opening 0.6 klf 0.7k 0.1 klf 0.7k 0.6 klf
6'
e) Framed, unloaded opening 0.6 klf 1.5k 0.1 klf 1.5k 0.6 klf
2'
4'
Beam 1 b) Floor Plan with Framed Opening (Beams on all Sides)
f) Framed, loaded opening
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ACECOMS
Load Transformation
Vertical Load Transformation for Floors with Membrane Slab Properties
only applies to floor-type area objects with slab section properties that have membrane behavior only The load distribution for membrane slab sections is two way The actual distribution of loads on these elements is quite complex ETABS uses the concept of tributary loads as a simplifying assumption for transforming the loads
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
3 3 1 1 midpoints 1 h) Real beams on two adjacent sides plus one vertical support element at corner point 1 i) Real beam on one side plus two vertical support elements at corner points
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties

g) Real beam on one side plus one vertical support element at corner point 4 4 1 3 2 1
3 3 4 4 1 1 a) Real beams on all sides 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 1 1 c) Case 2 of real beams on three sides
3 3
3 1 2 1 2 l) Vertical support elements at two adjacent corner points (no real beams) 2
1 b) Case 1 of real beams on three sides 2 2
1 2 j) Vertical support elements at all corner points (no real beams) 2
1 2 k) Vertical support elements at three corner points (no real beams)
2 2 1 1 d) Real beams on two adjacent sides 2 midpoint 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 g) Real beam on one side plus one vertical support element at corner point 4 3 1 h) Real beams on two adjacent sides plus one vertical support element at corner point 3 1 1 1 e) Real beams on two opposite sides 2
1 1 f) Real beam on one side 3 3 2 midpoints 2

1
1 Real beam at shell edge 1 n) Vertical support elements at one corner point (no real beams) No beam at shell edge Tributary area dividing line Vertical support element Legend
1 m)Vertical support elements at two opposite corner points (no real beams)
1 i) Real beam on one side plus two vertical support elements at corner points
Tributary areas for various conditions of a membrane slab

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ACECOMS
3 4 Analysis 3 and Design of Buildings Modeling,
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties

3 3 4 4 1 1 a) Full uniform load transformation 3 3 4 4 1 1 c) Line load transformation 2 2 4 4 1 1 d) Point load transformation 2 2 4 4 1 1 b) Partial uniform load transformation 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
Example of load distribution on a membrane slab
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ACECOMS
Type of Slab Systems in SAFE
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
The 5-Story Walkup Flats

A B C D E F G
6
5
6.0
4
6.0
3 2 1
2.8 2.8 4.0 4.0 5.5 5.5 4.0 4.0
Column Layout Plan

AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

A 6 5 B C D E F G
C2
6.0
C1
C1= 0.3 x 0.8 C2 = 0.3 x 0.4 B1 = 0.25 x 0.4 B2 = 0.25 x 0.5 S1 = 0.15
B1
6.0
3 2 1
B2
2.8 2.8
4.0
4.0
5.5
5.5
4.0
4.0
Slab and Beam Layout

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ACECOMS
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 2.0

6 5 4 3 2 1
Section
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ACECOMS
35 Story Office Building

5
7.0
4
8.0
3
8.0
2
7.0
1 A
Plan Typical Floor (B1, B2, 4-35)

6.0
B
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
G
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ACECOMS

5
7.0
4
8.0
3
8.0
2
7.0
1 A
Plan Floor 1-2

6.0
B
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
G
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

5
7.0
4
8.0
3
8.0
2
7.0
1 A
Plan Floor 3
6.0
B
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
G
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ACECOMS
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
Section at C and D
5
2 @ 2.8
4 3 2 1
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ACECOMS
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
Section at B and E
5
2 @ 2.8
4 3 2 1
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
Section at A and G
5
2 @ 2.8
4 3 2 1
AIT - Thailand
ACECOMS

International Seminar On Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Building Structures

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International Seminar On Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Building Structures

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Aug 23-24, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

International Seminar on Computer Aided Analysis and Design Of Building Structures

Building Structures Modeling and Analysis Concepts

Overall Design Process

Conception Modeling Analysis Design Detailing Drafting Costing

Integrated Design Process

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

The Building Structural System - Physical

Floor Slab System

Sub-structure and Member Design

The Building Structural System - Conceptual

The Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS)

The Floor Diaphragm (FD)

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

For Gravity Loads - How Gravity Loads are Distributed

Important Elements: Floor slabs, beams, openings, Joists, etc.

For Lateral Loads How Lateral Loads are Distributed

Important elements: Columns, shear walls, bracing , beams

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Structural Response To Loads

The Simplified Structural System

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Real Structure is governed by Partial Differential Equations of various order

The Need for Modeling

The Need for Structural Model

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool

Finite Element Method (FEM)

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Continuum to Discrete Model

3D-CONTINUM MODEL (Governed by partial differential equations)

CONTINUOUS MODEL OF STRUCTURE (Governed by either partial or total differential equations)

DISCRETE MODEL OF STRUCTURE (Governed by algebraic equations)

From Classical to FEM Solution

Partial Differential Equations

Algebraic Equations K = Stiffness r = Response R = Loads

(Principle of Virtual Work)

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Simplified Structural System

The Structural System

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

The Equilibrium Equations

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

Basic Steps in FEA

Interpret FEA Results Physical significance of Results

Engineer + Software Software

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

H, B much less than L

Membrane/ Panel In-Plane, Only Axial

Plate/ Slab Out of Plane, Only Bending

Shell In-Plane and Bending

Global Modeling of Structural Geometry

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

2 D Elements (Plate type)

3 D Elements (Brick type)

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

DOF for 1D Elements

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

DOF for 2D Elements

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings

DOF for 3D Elements