1 Phase SCR

Lecture Notes EEE 360
George G. Karady
TOPIC 7
Power Electronics
Read Mohan Chapter: 6.1-6,5, 6.7
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360 Topic 8 Power Electronics
LECTURE 23
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SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

The rectifier converts the ac voltages to dc voltage. The most frequent applications are:
Battery charger
DC motor drive (speed and torque control) Power supplies for appliances, computers e.t.c.
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The rectifier converts the ac voltages to dc voltage. The rectifier is supplied by an ac source, which is represented by its thevenin equivalent: AC voltage source and a reactance connected in series At the dc side the load can be:
Inductive load, which is represented by a constant current source Capacitive, which is represented by a voltage source Resistive, represented by a resistance
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Basic single phase rectifier circuit contains:
AC Supply Switch Load ( inductive, resistive or capacitive)
Switch
Supply: Voltage source and Reactance
Load
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The most frequently used circuit is the single phase bridge. This circuit has four switching devices The circuit provides full-wave rectification
120 V ac ( t) 0 120 80 40 0
Switch 1
AC
Switch 3
DC
Switch 4
Switch 2
Load
DC AC
0 0 60 120 180 t 240 300 360 360
V d c( t) 40 80 120 120
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The main element of the rectifier is the directional switch. The most frequently used switches are:
Thyristor, GTO (Gate Turn off- Thyristor), IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor), Power MOSFET
The rectifier operation will be demonstrated using thyristor switches

THYRISTOR
Thyristor, is a switch that conduct only in one direction when:
The voltage between anode and cathode is positive
The gate is triggered, by a short pulse This is illustrated on the next slide
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SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

Thyristor Vac
Simplified rectifier circuit, supply and load reactance is zero
In the circuit above the thyristor is triggered by a short square pulse, during the positive cycle
The turn on the devices switches the ac voltage to the load and drives current through the resistance
The turn on delay controls the average dc voltage

DC voltage with gate control
120 V d c( t) V d cc ( t) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 0 0
120 120 100
DC voltage without gate control Gate control pulse
60
120
180
240 t deg
300
360
420
480
540 540
V d c( t) 80 V g ( t) 60 40 20 0 0 0 0 60 120 180 240 t deg 300 360 420 480 540 540
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10

The turn on delay (a) controls the average dc voltage.
The average voltage is the integral of the bleu curve for a cycle
Vdc _ aver
1 2 Vac sin( t ) d(t ) 2 a
2Vac 1 cos(a ) 2
11

Effect of supply and load inductance
The loop equation for the simplified circuit, if the thyristor conducts, is:
Ls Thyristor
dI 2 Vac sin( t ) L s I R Load dt

Rload
Vac
This differential equation is solved by using MATCAD. Student switch to MATCAD

12
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The MATCAD solution of the differential equation produced the following results
Voltage
15.556 I1i 12 V1i 10 8 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 t1 i ms 6 7 8 9 10 10 20 16
Current
The current flows after the voltage zero in case of inductive load
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13

The method of analytical solution has been demonstrated
The analytical solution for capacitive and inductive or other loads are complicated.
The PSPICE simulation is used to analyze the rectifier operation Student switch to PSPICE
14

PSPICE simulation of inductive loaded rectifier Circuit diagram
Ls Thyristor Lload
Vac = 120V (peek), 60Hz Ls = 0.1mH Lload = 10H

Rload
Vac
Rload = 20 ohm
Co = 10F,
Initial voltage Vc_in = 100V
15

PSPICE simulation inductive load
{L}
Voltage source and inductance supply the thyristor The thyristor is represented by an ideal switch, diode and a gate pulse generator The load is a resistance and reactance
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L1
V1 state = 0 R1 20
V2
The firing signal can be delayed by software command

16

The result of the transient run
Voltage Current Firing Pulse
100 0 -100 -200 0.3ms 5.0ms 10.0ms V(V1:+) V(S1:1)*50
15.0ms 20.0ms -I(L1)*-2000 Time
25.0ms
30.0ms
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17

The result of the transient run
The firing pulse starts the current flow.
The current is intermittent and flows only one direction. No negative current flows in this circuit
Because of inductance the current flows after the voltage zero crossing.
The firing delay controls the average dc voltage.

The next figure shows the increase of inductance increases the duration of the current pulse, but reduces the amplitude
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18

The effect of increasing inductance
Voltage
200V
Current
100V
0V
-100V
-200V
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0s
5ms V(V1:+)
10ms
15ms V(R1:1)

Time
20ms
25ms
30ms
35ms
40ms
45ms
50ms
19

PSPICE simulation of capacitive loaded rectifier
Circuit diagram
Ls Thyristor
Vac = 120V (peek), 60Hz Ls =0.01uH Rload = 20 ohm
Vac
Co
Rload
Co = 10F,
Initial voltage Vc_in = 100V
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20

PSPice simulation capacitive load
{L}
Voltage source and inductance supply the thyristor The thyristor is represented by an ideal switch, diode and a gate pulse generator The load is a resistance and capacitor
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L1
V1 state = 0 R1 20 C1 1000uF
V2
The current flows only if the AC voltage is higher than the capacitor voltage and the tyristor is triggered 21

The result of the transient run, capacitive load
AC Voltage
200
Current
Capacitor voltage
Firing Pulse
-200 60ms 65ms I(L1)*12 70ms 75ms V(V2:+)*100-200 80ms 85ms 90ms V(V1:+) V(R1:1) Time 95ms 100ms
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22
TEST 5
DC Machine
23
LECTURE 24
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24

The single phase bridge circuit provides full-wave rectification.
Switch 1
AC
Switch 3
DC
Switch 4
Switch 2
Load
This circuit has four thyristors

The delay of firing controls the average dc voltage
120 V ac ( t) 0 120 80 40 0
DC AC
0 0 60 120 180 t 240 300 360 360
V d c( t) 40 80 120 120
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25
SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

The single phase bridge circuit operation is demonstrated using a simplified circuit. Zero source impedance and pure resistive load is assumed
Vac
Th 1
Th 3
RLoad
VDC
Th 4
Th 2
The voltage is controlled by the firing delay angle

26

In the positive cycle Th1 and Th2 conduct. The current path is shown in the figure.
120 V d c( t) V d cc ( t) V g ( t) 120 80 40 0 40 80 120 120 0 0 60 120 180 240 t deg 300 360 420 480 540 540
I
Vac
Th 1
Th 3
VDC RLoad
Th 4
Th 2
The current and DC voltage is controlled by the firing delay
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27

In the negative cycle Th3 and Th4 conduct. The current path is shown in the figure.
120 V d c( t) V d cc ( t) V g ( t) 120 80 40 0 40 80 120 120 0 0 60 120 180 240 t deg 300 360 420 480 540 540
Th 1
Th 3
VDC RLoad
Vac
Th 4
Th 2
Load current and voltage is positive. Full wave rectifier
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PSPICE simulation of the operation. Inductive load
THY _TRIG_SUBCKT1 vs Gp1 c Gp1 Gp3 G G 1 + 5mH 200k 3 Gp4 E1 Gp3
+ -
Ld c 0.25 control voltage
A K
C vs Ls1 + 0.2mH 2k Vs -
P Ls2 Rs 1m
f = 60 + 1mH 10k -
A K
+ -
ENOM
RLoad 5.0
vs
-1 Gp4 Gp4 Gp2 c G G 4 Gp1 E2 2 Gp2

+ -
A K
A K
f = 60 THY _TRIG_SUBCKT2
+ -
ENOM
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29

Inductive load with small inductance.
DC voltage and current
200V
0V
-200V 20ms 25ms V(RLoad:1,SCR_SUBCKT3:A) V(SCR_SUBCKT2:G)*100-200
30ms V(vs)
35ms 40ms 45ms V(SCR_SUBCKT1:G)*100-200 Time
50ms
AC voltage
Firing pulse
30

Inductive load with small inductance. The firing pulse initiates the current. The current flows only positive direction. The current flow stops when the current becomes zero Because of the inductive load the current flows after voltage zero crossing. The firing delay controls the dc current and voltages.
31

Inductive load with large inductance.
200V
0V
-200V 20ms 25ms V(RLoad:1,SCR_SUBCKT3:A) V(SCR_SUBCKT2:G)*100-200
30ms V(vs)
35ms 40ms 45ms V(SCR_SUBCKT1:G)*100-200 Time
50ms
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32

Inductive load with large inductance. The firing pulse initiates commutation from T1&T2 to T3&T4 or T3&T4 to T1&T2. The commutation occurs after voltage zero crossing The dc current flows continuously, but ac modulation, ripples can be observed Firing delay controls the dc voltage across the resistance.
33

PSPICE simulation of the operation. Capacitive load
THY _TRIG_SUBCKT1 vs 0.25 c Gp1 G Gp1 1 Gp3 G control voltage 3 Gp4 E1 Gp3
+ -
A K
P Ls2 Rs 1m
f = 60 + 0.5mH 10k
A K
+ -
ENOM
RLoad 5.0
C1 100uF
vs

+ -
A K
A K
+ -
ENOM
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Capacitive & Resistance load.
The current flows only if the AC voltage is higher than the capacitor voltage and the thyristor is fired
400
-400 100ms I(L1)
110ms 120ms V(V2:+)*100-200 V(V1:+) Time
130ms V(R1:1)*2
140ms
150ms
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35

Capacitive & Resistance load. The firing pulse initiates the current, if the AC voltage is larger than the capacitor dc voltage The current flows till the AC voltage is higher than the capacitor voltage The intermittent current charges the capacitor and increases the dc voltage. DC capacitor voltage is continuous and controlled by the firing delay.
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36

Source inductance effect. The source inductance delays the commutation from Th1 to Th3 Th1 current decreases slowly as Th3 increases. The total current is constant. The simultaneous conduction of Th1 and Th3 produces a short circuit. The circulating current increases Th3 and decreases Th1 The circulating current is limited by the source inductance
37

Source inductance effect.
The voltage is negative whenTh3 is triggered This negative voltage drives a circulating current in the short circuited loop
I Vac Th 1 Icirc Th 3
VDC
I
RLoad
Th 4
Th 2
The circulating current reduces the current of Th1 and increases of the current Th3
38

PSPICE simulation effect of source inductance
Load is : resistance and inductance, source inductance varies
THY _TRIG_SUBCKT1 vs c Gp1 G Gp1 1 Gp3 G + 0.1H 200k Ld c 0.25 control voltage 3 Gp4 E1 Gp3
+ -
A K
P Ls2 Rs 1m
f = 60 + 0.5mH 10k
A K
+ -
ENOM
RLoad 5.0
vs

+ -
A K
A K
+ -
ENOM
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39

Source inductance effect. Lsource = 0.2mH
40A
0A
-40A 125ms I(Rs)*2
130ms I(R3)
135ms I(R6) Time
140ms
145ms
150ms
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40

Source inductance effect.
40A
Lsource = 12mH
Th3
0A
-40A 125ms I(Rs)*2
130ms I(R3)
135ms I(R6)
Time
IAC
140ms
145ms
150ms
Th1
Large inductance causes long commutation time

41
LECTURE 25
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42
SINGLE PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER INVERTER OPERATION

The inverter converts the DC voltage to AC
In inverter operation the DC source supply power to the AC source. Solar power generated by photovoltaic cells is inverted to supply the ac network In an un-interruptible power supply stores the energy in a battery. Energy stored in this battery is inverted to supply the ac network
43

The adjustment of firing angle delay between 90180deg in a thyristor bridge rectifier results in inverter operation
Inverter operation requires large inductance connected in series with the converter at the dc side The large inductance maintains more or less constant dc current The inverter operation requires an AC source at the AC side to generate sinusoidal voltage
44

The inverter operation is simulated by PSPICE by adjusting the firing delay angle between 90-180 deg.
THY _TRIG_SUBCKT1 vs Gp1 c Gp1 Gp3 G G + 0.1H 200k Ld 135/180 control voltage Gp4 E1 Gp3
+ -
A K
P Rs
f = 60 + 1mH 10k Ls2 1m
A K
+ -
ENOM
V1 88V
vs
-1 Gp4 Gp4 Gp2 c G G Gp1 E2 Gp2

+ -
A K
A K
+ -
ENOM
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45

Inverter operation firing delay angle is 135 degree
AC Voltage
200
AC Current
-200 45ms I(Rs)*20 50ms V(vs) 55ms Time 60ms 65ms 70ms 73ms
Delay angle
46

The simulation shows that the AC voltage and current polarity is opposite.
When the voltage is positive current is negative and vice versa This indicates generator operation, the power transferred from DC to AC The power is negative, because the power factor (cos f) is negative between 90 and 180 degrees
47

The nearly square shape current produces undesirable harmonics in the ac system The FFT analyses shows 3th,5th,7th harmonics
10A
5A
0A 0Hz I(Rs)
0.2KHz
0.4KHz
0.6KHz
0.8KHz
1.0KHz
Frequency
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48
SINGLE PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

The bridge rectifier is controlled by the firing delay The firing delay cuts out a part of the voltage wave. This reduces the average dc voltage. Similar effect can be achieved by distributing the off periods along the half cycle The distribution of the delay improves performance, reduces the harmonics
49
SINGLE PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH PW MODULATION

Delayed firing
120 120 80 V p w( t) V d( t) 40 0 40 80 120 120 0 0 60 120 180 240 t deg 300 360 420 480 540 540
Distributed firing delay
Demonstration of delayed firing and the distributed firing delay The system performance can be further improved by changing the width of the on and off periods.
50

Concept of Pulse-Width modulation: The firing delay is distributed along period and the on and off times are varied to reduce harmonics The most frequently used PW method is the sinusoidal PW modulation The switches in the converter are controlled by pulses. The width of each pulse is varied in proportion to the amplitude of a sine wave
51

Generation of the PWM waveform A triangular carrier wave is generated A sinusoidal reference signal is generated The two signals are compared, when the carrier wave is larger than the reference signal the gate signal is positive When the carrier wave is smaller than the reference signal the gate signal is zero
52
SINGLE PHASE BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Gate signal generation for PWM converter
Carrier wave
1.0V
Reference signal
0V
-1.0V 0s 5ms V(PWM_TRI1.E1:IN+) 10ms 15ms V(PWM_TRI1.Vtri:+) Time 20ms 25ms
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53

Gate signal generation for PWM converter. Firing pulse with variable width
1.0V
0V
-1.0V 0s 5ms V(PWM_TRI1:s) 10ms Time 15ms 20ms 25ms
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54

PWM Converter The generated firing signal controls the converter switches
The converter switches have to switch on and off the current
This can be achieved by GTO (Gate turn on transistor) or GTO, gate turn off thyristor, or MOSFET
The switches have to be shunted by a diode to avoid the over voltages generated by the interruption of inductive current
55

PWM Converter The converter can operate both in inverter or in rectifier mode Advantage of this circuit are : in inverter mode it can supply passive load.
significant reduction of current and voltage harmonics

56

PWM Converter
IGBT1 D1
Vdc
Vac
IGBT2 D2
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57

Operation analysis with PS SPICE
The students are provided with the model, they change the parameters and observe the results: Load inductance and resistance Switching frequency Calculate harmonics and RMS values
58

Operation analysis with PS SPICE PWM Inverter supplies AC network with voltage source
fs = 1kHz P1 c s in PWM_TRI1 V1 271V out P2 D2 D5 1-V(%IN) V4 P1 10mH IC = -7A V5 2.0 D3 L1 R1 P2 D4
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59

Current, voltage waveforms in bipolar operation.
PWM Output Voltage Load Current Load Voltage
400
-400 0s 10ms 20ms 30ms I(V5)*10 V(L1:1,VOUT-) V(V5:+,V5:-) Time 40ms 50ms
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60

L1 = 10mH, C = 100uF, R1 (in series with L1) = 0.1ohm and load resistance (across C) = 10 ohm.. (fundamental - 40 Hz, sw. frequency 1kHz).
Current and voltage waveforms in mono-polar operation mode

400 200
-200
-400 50ms 55ms 60ms V(L1:1,PWR_SWITCH4:in)
65ms 70ms V(C2:1,PWR_SWITCH4:in)
75ms I(L1)*5 Time
80ms
85ms
90ms
95ms
100ms
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61

Monopolar operation Loading increases the current ripples
400
-400
-800 0s 5ms 10ms V(L1:1,PWR_SWITCH4:in)*0.6-500 15ms V(V5:+,V5:-) Time 20ms V(P1) 25ms I(L1)*20 30ms -I(L1)
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62
MOTOR DRIVE CONCEPT WITH PWM INVERTER
Rectifier
DC link
Motor
Inverter
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63
MOTOR DRIVE CONCEPT WITH PWM INVERTER

The ac voltage of the supply is rectified The dc link filters the harmonics and produces smooth DC The PW inverter produces a variable frequency and voltage sine wave that drives the motor The frequency regulates the motor speed. The voltage and frequency ratio is kept constant to avoid saturation at low frequencies
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64

1 Phase SCR

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Lecture Notes EEE 360

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Supply: Voltage source and Reactance

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

The rectifier operation will be demonstrated using thyristor switches

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

Simplified rectifier circuit, supply and load reactance is zero

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

DC voltage without gate control Gate control pulse

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

1 2 Vac sin( t ) d(t ) 2 a

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

dI 2 Vac sin( t ) L s I R Load dt

This differential equation is solved by using MATCAD. Student switch to MATCAD

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

Vac = 120V (peek), 60Hz Ls = 0.1mH Lload = 10H

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

The firing signal can be delayed by software command

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

100 0 -100 -200 0.3ms 5.0ms 10.0ms V(V1:+) V(S1:1)*50

15.0ms 20.0ms -I(L1)*-2000 Time

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

The firing delay controls the average dc voltage.

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

Vac = 120V (peek), 60Hz Ls =0.01uH Rload = 20 ohm

Initial voltage Vc_in = 100V

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH THYRISTOR SWITCH

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

This circuit has four thyristors

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

The voltage is controlled by the firing delay angle

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

The current and DC voltage is controlled by the firing delay

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Load current and voltage is positive. Full wave rectifier

360 Topic 8 Power Electronics

SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER