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Chapter 5 standards for multimedia communications

5.1 Introduction 5.2 reference models 5.3 standards relating to interpersonal

communications 5.4 Standards relating to interactive applications over the internet 5.5 standards for entertainment applications

5.1 introduction
In this chapter we present an overview of the standards

that have been defined for use with multimedia communication A reference model is used for defined the various standards

5.2 reference models


The standards associated with the three types of

application,show in figure5.1 The functionality of each set of standards is as follows:


Application standards Network interface standards Internal network standards

Figure5.1(a)

Figure 5.1(b)(c)

5.2 reference models-5.2.1


Tcp/ip reference model (figure 5.2) Physical layer Link layer Network layer Transport layer Application layer

Figure 5.2

5.2 reference models-5.2.2


Protocol basics The protocol to be used at each layer is chosen to meet the needs of a particular application/network combination Protocol control information(PCI) Protocol data unit(PDU) Show figure 5.3

Figure 5.3(a)

Figure 5.3(b)

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.1


circuit-mode networks
Circuit-mode network is show in figure 5.4 Network interface standard Transport layer

Multiplexer / demultiplexer

System control application


Audio and video codecs Multipoint communications service(MCS)

Figure 5.4

Table 5.1

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.1


circuit-mode networks-cont
H.320
The H.320 standard is intended for use in end systems

that support a range of multimedia application over an ISDN Audio:G.711,G.722,G.728 Video:H.261 User data:T.120 System control/call setup:Q.391 Multiplexing:H.221

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.1


circuit-mode networks-cont
H.324
Over bit rate switched networks such as a PSTN Video:H.261,H.263 Audio:G.723.1,G.729 User data:T.120 Multiplexing Total channel bandwidth is divided into a number of separate logical channels Bit-oriented protocol ,the principles of which are shown in figure 5.5

Figure 5.5

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.1


circuit-mode networks-cont
Adaptation In order to allow for the possibility of transmission errors being present in the received byte stream associated with each logical channel The adaptation layer supports three difference schemes-AL1,2 and 3 Multipoint conferencing:H.324 System control :h.245 is concerned with the overall

control of the end system

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.1


circuit-mode networks-cont
H.321/H.310 Intended for use with terminals that provide a range of multimedia application over a B-ISDN H.322 Intended for use with end systems that support interpersonal communication applications over a local area network(LAN)

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.2


packet-switched networks
H.323 Attached either to the same LAN or to different LANs H.323 is intended for use with LANs that provide a nonguaranteed QoS Figure 5.6 show structure

Figure 5.6

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.2


packet-switched networks-cont
Audio and video coding

Audio codec:either G.711 or G.728 Video codec:either H.261 or H.263

Call setup:H.323 gatekeeper can be used

Figure 5.7 two-party call setup procedure using an h.323

gatekeeper Figure 5.8 H.323 multiplexing/ demultiplexing

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.2


packet-switched networks-cont
Interworking

End system that are attached to a circuit-mode network is achieved. This is through H.323 gateway Figure 5.9

Figure 5.9

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.2


packet-switched networks-cont
IETF Early IETF provided a basic two-party telephony service between two IP hosts Later IETF provided a more versatile facility supporting both multiparty conferencing and broadcast services Signaling protocol

Session initiation protocol (SIP) Sip provides services for user location,call establishment,and call participation management Request and responds are made through an application program known as user agent.

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.2


packet-switched networks-cont

Session description protocol(SDP) When a user is invited to join in a call/session


Examples of SIP messages Invite:-invite a user of the host to join th call Options: sent to solicit the capabilities supported by the host. Bye: used when the user of the host intends to leave a session/call.

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.3


electronic mail
Internet mail Figure 5.10 email over the internet User agent(UA) Message transfer agent(MTA) Message store(MS) Simple mail transfer protocol(SMTP) Domain name server(DNS)

Figure 5.10

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.3


electronic mail-cont
MIME(multipurpose internet mail extensions) RFC 822:email messages are written in English and are made up of just ASCII characters Extensions to the basic format defined in RFC 822 were added.these are defined in RFC 2045 and are known as MIME

5.3 standards relating to interpersonal communications-5.3.3


electronic mail-cont
e-mail gateways Show figure 5.11 Two problem:

Format of the mail message is often different The application protocol are also different

To overcome these problems,a device known as an email

gateway is used,show figure 5.12

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Information Browsing
The most basic type of interaction using the web is

information browsing. Web pages are written in HTML contain all information necessary both to display the contents of page. Page is accessed by means of program known as browser-the page contents are displayed by interpreting the format. Plaintext and hypertext Hypertext transfer protocol.

figure 5.14

5.4 standards relating to interactive applications over the internet-5.4.2


electronic commerce
To send detail of your credit card in order to purchase
Figure 5.15 electronic commerce HTML document containing the information and

when you click submit it passes on server. Common gateway interface(CGI) Security-based on public and private key encryption. Also checks the information is received by intended receipeient.

Figure 5.15

5.4 standards relating to interactive applications over the internet-5.4.3


intermediate systems
Communication between the client and server is

achieved through a networking device Show figure 5.16 Security gateway or firewall is installed. Packet filtering Proxy server

Figure 5.16

5.4 standards relating to interactive applications over the internet-5.4.4 Java and
JavaScript
Figure 5.17
Applet-the compiled program in java Virtual machine-the applet code produced by the

compiler is for a virtual machine. Bytecode-the compiled applet code Javascript Embed java code into an HTML page directly

Figure5.17

5.5.1 Movie/video-on-demand
Transmission format (figure 5.18) Elementary streams-the output streams produced by both the video and audio encoders are known as elementary streams. Packetized ES (PES):since each stream is encoded independently and timing information is added to both streams, each stream is known as packetized ES. System time clock(STC):time stamp indicates the time the audio/video contained within the PES should be output-time stamps are generated using STC. Pack-multiplexing the data either audio or video or private data into a data structure known as Pack. System clock reference(SRC)

Figure 5.18

5.5.1 Movie/video-on-demand-cont
Distribution network Figure5.19(a) show telephony company architectureuses a high bit rate modems known as ADSL-it provides connection to television, computer and your landlinesocket changed o ADSL subscriber unit -the twisted pair wires from multiple subscribers in an area are terminated in ADSL network termination unit.locate din either local exchange or switching office. --The output from a number of such units are mux/demux together for transmission purposes back to local exchange known as fiber-to-the-kurb network. --Later on ADSL models having fiber-to-the-home

Figure5.19(b) show cable TV company architecture-

multiple tv channels broadcast from the cable TV company local office to all subscribers-the unit used to provide this facility is known as cable modem.

Figure 5.19

5.5 standards for entertainment applications 5.5.2 Interactive television


Base on MPEG-2 format
The output stream produced by a single stream is

program stream and the output stream containing multiple programs. If the program stream is to be stored then used directly. if it is to be multiplexed with other programs, the the output stream is multiplexed with transport stream multiplexer The TS fromat contains 184 bytes payload and 4 bytes header.

Header contains

-synchronization byte-to interpret packet header received by the receiver -packet identifier-to enable receiver to relate the TS packet payload to correct PES. -adaptation bit-2048 bytes of PES to be mapped in 184 byte segments for transmission. -Payload flag bit -a time stamp also included showing the time when TS packet is created.

System-level Program allocation table(PAT)-contains the link between PID and corresponding TV program Program map table(PMT)-indicates PID of elementary streams that makeup each program. Conditional access table(CAT)-is sent to receiver whenever a program is present in TS which has conditional access.

Figure 5.20

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