Jyothimon Abraham Student of MSc in Power Systems University of Bath

BY

Introduction Load Profile of building power system Commercial Bank load profile Single line diagram of Bank Harmonic Pollution Conditions for Resonance Industry standards for Harmonics-IEEE519 Harmonic current spectra of Building loads THD of system Filter Design Harmonic mitigation with filters Harmonic Resonance Harmonic Power flow Optimization of Filters Summary
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A linear electrical load is one, which draws a purely sinusoidal current when connected to a sinusoidal voltage source, e.g. resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Many of the traditional devices connected to the power distribution system, such as transformers, electric motors and resistive heaters, have linear characteristics. A non-linear electrical load is one, which draws a non-sinusoidal current when connected to a sinusoidal voltage source, e.g. diode bridge, thyristor bridge, etc. Many power electronic devices, such as variable speed drives, rectifiers and UPSs, have nonlinear characteristics and result in non-sinusoidal current waveforms or distorted waveform. By Fourier series analysis, we can show that a Periodic Distored wave form contains Harmonics, ie, Multiples of Fundamental Frequency waveform

Electronic Equipments occupy most part of Load in Building now a days. It includes 1)For Lighting Dimming Ballasts 2)Computers, Printers, Fax Machine 3)VFD operated Equipments like Chillers, Pumps 4)UPS, Servers A Commercial Bank Installation of G+24 Floors at Middle East is studied and Its Load Profile consists of Total Load 5200KW Load supplied through 4 numbers of 1500KVA Transformers. 77% Loads are Non Linear Loads and only 23% are Linear Loads.

Sl.No
1 2 3 4 5 6

Category
Chiller MCC UPS Dimmer Computer, Printer, Fax Machine Linear Loads

KW
1500 800 630 495 630 1145

LOAD PROFILE OF BUILDING

1 Chiller 4 Dimmer 2 MCC 5 Computer 3 UPS 6 Linear

22%

29%

12% 15% 12%

10%

TOTAL

5200

U1

Bus

11.00 kV

11kv BUS
F1 F2 F0

B1 0.415 kV

415V BUS-1

CHILLER-1

MCC-1 DIMMER-1 COMPUTER-1

L1

C0

B2 0.415 kV

415V BUS-2
MCC-3

CHILLER-2 MCC-2 DIMMER-2 COMPUTER-2

U
B0 415V BUS-3 0.415 kV F3 UPS-3 DIMMER-3 L3 B3 C3 0.415 kV

415V BUS-4

L2

C2

CHILLER-4

MCC-4

DIMMER-4 CMPUTERS-4

L4

C4

1. Current Distortion Current distortion is characterized by THDi index. It is defined as

i denotes i-th harmonic

2. Voltage Distortion Voltage distortion is characterized by THDv index. It is defined as

1. Lower System Power Factor Harmonics do not contribute to Average Power or Reactive Power directly It does increase RMS current and hence they decrease power factor as can be seen from following equation:

2. Flowing Effects Each of Characteristic harmonics can be defined as positive, negative or zero sequence as per their direction of flow Positive sequence -7,13,19 Negative Sequence - 5,11,17 Zero Sequence-Triplen Harmonics Reverse flowing harmonics cause heating effect in Motors Triplen Harmonic cause current in neutral.

Two types of Resonances occur: 1.Parallel Resonance Parallel resonance occur when the system inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal at same frequency If combination of capacitor banks and system inductance results in a parallel resonance near one of the characteristic harmonics generated by the Nonlinear Load, that harmonic current will excite the Tank Circuit It causes an amplified current to oscillate between energy storage in the inductance and energy storage in the capacitance This high oscillating current cause Voltage distortion and Telephone Interference. In Impedance Scan this appear as PEAKS.

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2.Series Resonance Series resonance presents a low impedance path to harmonic currents and tend to trap any harmonic current to which it is tuned Series resonance can result in High voltage distortion levels between the inductance and capacitors in series circuit In Impedance scan, this appears as VALLEYS.

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 Harmonic source stiffness is important in defining the extent of waveform distortion Weak systems(Low Isc) are associated with a large source impedance and stiff systems are associated with a small impedance Therefore, weaker systems will produce larger voltage drops from harmonic currents than stiff systems.
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CHILLER-->12.5% Harmonic Order % Harmonic 3 0 5 9.3 5 5.6 5 4.4 7 4.9 7 2.9 7 1.7 7 2.6 7 0.5 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0.8 9 0.2 11 5.2 11 3.1 11 1.3 11 1.7 11 0.5 13 4 13 2.4 13 0.8 13 1.3 13 0.7 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15 0 17 1.4 17 0.9 17 0.6 17 0.9 17 0.4 19 1.2 19 0.7 19 0.6 19 0.6 19 0.4
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MCC-->7.5% Harmonic Order 3 % Harmonic 0 UPS-->5% Harmonic Order 3 % Harmonic 0

DIMMER-->7.5% Harmonic Order 3 5 % Harmonic 5.6 3.4 COMPUTERS-->2.5% Harmonic Order 3 5 % Harmonic 2.1 0.6

U0

THDv(%) TX-1 TX-2 7.58 9.08 18.28 5.2 2.2

THDi(%) 5.85 21.45 60.02 7.15 19.17

B4 THD

A)

THD ( A) 19.17%

THD ( A) 60.04%

B0 THD ( A) =

18.28%

THD ( A) 60.02%

U
= 2.20%

TX-3 TX-4

S0

TOTAL AT UTILITY BUS

F0

MCC-3

UPS-3

DIMMER-3

tx-3 5th tx-3 hp B3 C3 THD ( A) = L3

5.20%

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Two types of Passive Filters are mainly used. They are: (i) Single Tuned (ii)Damped Filters Single tuned will eliminate only particular harmonic frequency to which it is tuned, while damped filter acts as filter for corner frequency and frequencies above it.

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Steps involved in Design are: 1.Capacitor to improve power factor is replaced by equivalent Filter Capacitance(Qc) 2.Evaluate Capacitive reactance at fundamental frequency Xc = KV2/Qc 3.Calculate reactor size trapping at h harmonic XL =Xc/h2 4.Calculate R for specified Quality Factor(q) R =XLq

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U0

B4 THD

A)

THD ( B) 2.63%

THD ( B) 2.10%

THD ( A) 2.31%

B0 THD ( A) =

2.09%

THD ( A) 2.31%

MCC-3

U
TX-1
= 0.70%

THDv(%) 2.23 3.02 2.09 2.54 0.7

THDi(%) 1.52 3.17 2.31 2.68 2.63

TX-2 TX-3
S0

TX-4 TOTAL AT UTILITY BUS

F0

UPS-3

DIMMER-3

h p-1 tx-3 tx-3rd 3rd-1 5th-1 B3 THD ( A) = L3

tx- 3rd

2.54%

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As shown from Figures, Resonance is reduced after Filter Usage. As shown from Previous slides harmonics also reduced to acceptable limits as per IEEE-518.
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For Conventional power flow, (2n-1) Equations are required for n-bus power system solution For Harmonic power flow, (2n-1)+(2nq) equations are required where q is number of harmonic frequencies of interest

In a 2-bus system we assume a 3rd harmonic load is at Bus-2.So 2(n-1)+2nq=2(2-1)+2*2*1=6 Equations to solve for V2(1), V2(3) ,V1(3) ,2(1) , 2(3), 1(3),ie,6 unknowns So in addition to Power Flow Equation, we have to use KCL Equations for Harmonics & Fundamental frequency.

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Process of optimization of a Nonlinear system of Equations can be done through a Concept called Lagrange Multipliers. General Body of System of Equation are: objective function which is the cost function of filter to minimize cost penalty function Constraint due to limitation of Harmonic load flow and THD.

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In Buildings, Nonlinear Loads occupy significant portion of Total Load which produces Harmonics. Harmonics cause Voltage and Current Distortion which cause Equipment malfunction. Harmonic spectra of building loads need to be collected and to be analysed in the Modelling software. Harmonic mitigation measures like Installation of Filters to be done if distortion levels exceeds limits set by IEEE519 standard.

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THANK YOU!!!

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