Chapter 4 Periodictable

4.
1 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF

ELEMENTS
You have learn that our earth consist of many types of elements Can you give some examples of element? Yes! Oxygen,carbon, zinc, aluminium, helium all these are elements
Why we learn elements? Are they important to us? Lets take a look for the uses of some elements !!
1. Cu, Al pure metals in the form of wires are used for carrying electrical currents. 2. Fe, Al, Cu metals are used to make utensils used for cooking. 3. Hg is used in thermometers 4. Zn is used for galvanizing iron to protect Fe from rusting.
5. NaCl, KCl are widely used as salts 6. Na compounds are used for making soaps, washing soda and detergents. 7. Na bicarbonate is used for baking, in medicines, etc. 8. Ca compounds are used for making cement, bleaching powders, plaster of Paris, etc.
Lets play BINGO!!
Rules: - Winner in every round could earn 15 points - You can refer to elements list while writing symbol - You must state the full name of elements while playing - Those who can state full name of elements in whole one game could earn 5 points - The final winner is those who earn 50 points
Cl
Zn
Sn
K
Na
Ag
Br
Pb
Fe
Mg
H
Be Ne
He
N Si
Ar
B Ca
Cu
P S
Al
I O
Scientist had discover hundreds types of elements in this earth.

So can you guess how these elements been arranged in order to let us easier to recognise them?
Examples of modern periodic table
Yes! Theyre arranged in periodic table But remember, periodic table was formed in many years and developed by a few chemist in different ways.
1. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794AD)

First scientist to classify substances Classify them including light & heat into metals and nonmetals Failed Reason: light & heat are not element
2. Johann Dobereiner (1780-1849AD)

In 1829, divided the element into three groups with similar properties
Give the idea that there was a relationship between chemical properties with atomic mass
3. John Newlands (1837-1898AD)

classified the 56 established elements into 11 groups based on physical properties Discover that elements with similar properties repeated every 8 elements LAW OF OCTAVES
4. Lother Meyer (1830-1895AD)

Plotted a graph of atomic volume against atomic mass Successful in showing similar chemical properties form a periodic pattern against their atomic mass
5. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907AD)

Rearrange the elements in order of increasing atomic mass Group them according to their similar chemical properties Success to predict the undiscovered elements !!
6. Henry J.G. Moseley (1887-1915AD)

Studied the X-ray spectrum of elements Conclusion: proton number should be the basis in periodic arrange Rearrange the elements in order of increasing proton number
From this modern periodic table, can you find out what basic principle in arranging elements?
Answer :
all elements arranged in order of increasing proton number
METALS
NONMETALS
Conclusion:
Left side -Group 1-13
metals
Right side -Group 14-18 non - metals
Period
1 2
3
4 5
6
7
Period
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8
The maximum electrons in the 1st shell = 2 eThe maximum electrons in the 2nd shell = 8 eThe maximum electrons in the 3rd shell = 8 e-
Conclusion:
- number of electron shells = period - 2 electron shells = period 2 - 3 electron shells = period 3 - 2.8.8.1 = period 4
Group
1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Example
Q1
Group
1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Group 1
1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Li (2.1) All elements in Na (2.8.1) Group 1 has 1 valence electron K (2.8.8.1) Rb (2.8.18.8.1) Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1) Fr (2.8.18.32.18.8.1)
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Group 2
1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Be (2.2) Mg (2.8.2)
Ca (2.8.8.2)
Sr (2.8.18.8.2)
All elements in Group 2 has 2 valence electrons
Ba (2.8.18.18.8.2)
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Group 13
1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(2.3)
Al (2.8.3) Ga (2.8.18.3) In (2.8.18.8.3)
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Group 17
1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(2.7)
Cl (2.8.7) Br (2.8.18.7) I (2.8.18.8.7)
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Group 18
1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18
He (2) Ne (2.8) Ar (2.8.8) Kr (2.8.18.8)
All elements in Group 18 has 8 valence electrons Except Helium
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(a) For element with 1 and 2 valence electrons, Group number of the element = Number of valence electrons Example: Num of valence electron = 2 Group number =2
(a) For element with 3 and 8 valence electrons, Group number of the element = Number of valence electrons + 10 Example: Num of valence electron = 4 Group number = 4 + 10 = 14
Conclusion:
- number of valence electrons = group - 2 valence electrons = Group 2 - 3 valence electrons = Group 13 - 2.8.7 = Group 17
Example:
12 6
-proton number = 6 -number of electron= 6 -electron arrangement=2.4 -valence electrons = 4

-LOCATION in periodic table:
period 2 (2 electron shells) group 14 (4 electron valence)

Refer PT
Remember!
Number of electrons = Proton number
Valence electrons = number of electron in the outer shell Electron arrangement:

1st shell : 2 2nd shell : 8 3rd shell : 8 4th shell : 8 5th shell : 16
For example:
Proton number = 7 Electron arrangement = 2.5 Valence electron = 5 Proton number = 20 Electron arrangement = 2.8.8.2 Valence electron = 2
Q1
Elements
Fill in the blanks (demo)

Electron arrangement Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group
Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3
2 3
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3
2 3
2 2
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3
2 3
2 2
2 2
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3
2 2
2 2
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2
2 2
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Refer PT
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Refer PT
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
18
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
2 3
18
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
2 3
2 3
18
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
2 3
2 3
8 6
18
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
2 3
2 3
8 6
18 16
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
2 3 3
2 3
8 6
18 16
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
2 3 3
2 3 3
8 6
18 16
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
2 3 3
2 3 3
8 6 7
18 16
Q1
Elements

Be Mg Al
2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 2 3
2 2 13
Ne S Cl
2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7
2 3 3
2 3 3
8 6 7
18 16 17
Q2
Element Proton number
Fill in the blanks

H He Ca
1 2 20
O P B
8 15 5
Q2 Check your answers

Proton number Electron arrangement Number of shells occupied by electrons Period Number of valence electrons Group
H He Ca
1 2 20
1 2 2.8.8.2
1 1 4
1 1 4
1 2 2
1 18 2
O P B
8 15 5
2.6 2.8.5 2.3
2 3 2
2 3 2
6 5 3
16 15 13
Q3 Write the location of elements below in periodic table of elements

40 18 32 16 14 7
Ar S N
Q3 Check out your answer Given in periodic table 40 Period 3 Group

18 32 16 14 7
Ar S N
18
Period 3 Period 2
Group 16 Group 15
Element Q has a nucleon number of 27. It has 14 neutrons. In which group element Q located in Periodic Table?
Number of electrons in an atom Q = number of protons = nucleon number neutron num = 27 - 14 = 13
Electron arrangement of atom Q = 2.8.3 Number of valence electron =3 Group number = 3 + 10 =13
Element T has a proton number of 19 and nucleon number of T is 39. In which period is element T is located in the Periodic Table?
Num of electron in atom T = number of protons in atom T = Proton number = 19
Electron arrangement of element T = 2.8.8.1 Atom T has 4 shells occupied with electron. So, Atom T is located in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.
Consists of helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn).
Known as noble gases They are monoatomic

next
Monoatomic
Exist as individual Mono- means one Monoatomic one atom
back#71. Slide 71
Group 18
1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18
He (2) Ne (2.8) Ar (2.8.8) Kr (2.8.18.8)
All elements in Group 18 has 8 valence electrons Except Helium
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Noble gases
Symbol Proton Atomic Boiling Melting Number Radius Point Point / nm
/ C
/ C
Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon
He
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186 -152
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186 -152 -107
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186 -152 -107
-270
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186 -152 -107
-270 -248
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186 -152 -107
-270 -248 -189
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186 -152 -107
-270 -248 -189 -156
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186 -152 -107
-270 -248 -189 -156 -112
Noble gases
/ C
/ C
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
2 10 18 36 54
0.050 0.070 0.094 0.109 0.130
-269 -246 -186 -152 -107
-270 -248 -189 -156 -112
next
He (2) Ne (2.8) Ar (2.8.8)
When elements going down the group 18 The electron shells become more Due to the increasing of atomic radius
back
The animation above schematically shows how van der Waals forces are induced. Van der Waals forces are found in molecules,
such as hydrogen gas (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and in the noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, ) The bigger the molecule, the stronger the van der Waals
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1.Insoluble in water 2.do not conduct electricity or heat (not metals)
3.Low melting and boiling points but increase when going down the group. Reason: -the size of the atoms increases down the group, -the Van der Waals force of attraction become stronger. - more heat is required to overcome the stronger interatomic forces of attraction.
4. Low densities but increases down the group Reason: Increasing in the relative atomic mass of the element when going down the group.
5. Solubility - Colourless gases which are insoluble in water.
6. Electrical and heat conductivity - Cannot conduct electricity. - Poor conductors of heat.
All noble gases are inert which means chemically unreactive. Helium has 2 valence electrons (duplet electron arrangement)
The other noble gases have 8 valence electrons (octet electron arrangement) These electron arrangement are very stable **Reason: the outermost shell has fully occupied by electrons
Therefore, they do not need to gain, lose or share electrons with other elements. Exist as monoatomic gases.
Helium - Fill airships and weather balloons - Used as superconductors - Used by divers
Neon - Used in advertising lights and television tubes.
Argon
- Used to fill light bulbs
- Used in welding
Krypton
- Used in laser to repair the retina of the eye. - Used to fill photo graphic flash lamp.
Xenon
- Used for making electron tubes stroboscopic lamps. - Used in bubble chambers in atomic energy reactors
Radon
- Used in the treatment of cancer
Group 1 name: alkali metal
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Caesium
Francium
Electron arrangement

Same number of Li (2.1) valence electron Na (2.8.1) Same chemical properties K (2.8.8.1) Rb (2.8.18.8.1) Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1) Fr (2.8.18.32.18.8.1)
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Li
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11
Caecium
next
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
Caecium
next
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26
Caecium
next
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26
1347
181
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26
1347 886
181 98
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26
1347 886 774
181 98 64
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26
1347 886 774 688
181 98 64 39
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26
1347 886 774 688 678
181 98 64 39 28
Caecium
Alkali metals
Lithium
/ C
/ C
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Li Na K Rb Cs
3 11 19 37 55
0.15 0.19 0.23 0.25 0.26
1347 886 774 688 678
181 98 64 39 28
Caecium
next
Li (2.1) Na (2.8.1)
When elements going down the group 1 The electron shells become more increasing of atomic radius
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K (2.8.8.1)
1. Physical properties
Low melting points Silvery and shiny surfaces Good conductors of heat and electricity Soft metals with low densities
Before we study the chemical properties, draw out the table first!
Alkali Metals Lithium / Li Reacts with water Reacts with Oxygen gas Reacts with chlorine gas
Sodium / Na
Potassium /K
2. Chemical properties
- Have similar chemical properties, why?
- answer: all have one valence electron

- All of alkali metals could reacts with:
A . water B. Oxygen C. Chlorine
Next to reactivity
A. Alkali metals react with water

Lithium with water Sodium with water Potassium with water
Observations: Word equation: Alkali metal + water alkaline metal hydroxide solution +hydrogen gas Chemical equation:
2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
Chemical properties
B. Alkali metals react with Oxygen

Lithium with oxygen (observation) Sodium with oxygen (observation) Potassium with oxygen (observation)
**refer to CD ROM
Observations: Word equations: 1. Alkali metals + Oxygen white solid metal oxides 2. metal oxides + water alkaline metal hydroxide solutions Chemistry equations: 4M + O2 2M2O M2O + H2O 2MOH
Chemical properties
Observation :
Lithium burns slowly with a redflame forms white solid (lithium oxide) 4 Li + O2 2Li2O Lithium oxide dissolved in water to form a alkaline solution Li2O + H2O 2LiOH
Reaction with oxygen
Observation :
sodium burns rapidly with yellow flame. forms white solid (sodium oxide) 4 Na + O2 2Na2O Sodium oxide dissolved in water to form a alkaline solution Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
Observation :
potassium burns very rapidly & brightly with a lilac flame Form white solid (potassium oxide) 4 K + O2 2K2O Potassium oxide dissolved in water to form a alkaline solution K2O + H2O 2KOH
C. Alkali metals react with Chlorine

Lithium with chlorine (observation) Sodium with chlorine (observation) Potassium with chlorine (observation)
Animation1 Animation 2
Observations: Word equations: 1. Alkali metals + Chlorine white solid metal oxides Chemistry equations:
2M + Cl2 2MCl
Chemical properties
Observation :
Lithium burns slowly with a redflame forms white solid (lithium chloride) 2Li + Cl2 2LiCl
C. Reaction with chlorine
Observation :
sodium burn rapidly with a yellow flame. forms white solid (sodium chloride) 2 Na + Cl2 2NaCl
Observation :
potassium burn very rapidly & brightly with a lilac flame Form white solid (potassium chloride)
2 K + Cl2 2KCl
The Chemical properties of alkali metals are SAME but Reactivity DIFFEREFENCE
The trend of their reactivity when going down the Group 1 is .
Li (2.1) Na (2.8.1) K (2.8.8.1) Rb (2.8.18.8.1) Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1)
slow faster Very fast
Becomes more reactive BUT WHY??
Q: Why reactivity of Group 1 increase when going down the group? A:

When the atomic size increases The valence electron is more further away from the nucleus attraction between nucleus & valence electron weaker
easier for atom to release valence electron
Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements

Extremely reactive Li, Na & K must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles Use forceps to take alkali metals To wear safety goggles & gloves Only a small piece is used
Rubidium and caesium are normally stored in sealed glass tubes to prevent air getting at them. They are stored either in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere of, say, argon. The tubes are broken open when the metal is used.
Lithium is used to make batteries. Sodium is required by our nerves and muscles. It is present in almost everything which we eat. Table salt is Sodium Chloride. Potassium is also required by nerves and muscles. It is also present in almost everything we eat.
Group 17 name: HALOGEN
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine Iodine
Astatine
Exist as diatomic Di- double Diatomic double atoms Examples: Fluorine F2 Chlorine Cl2
GROUP 17 HALOGENS
A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
C.
REACTIVITY GOING DOWN THE GROUP
Yellow greenish Pale yellow brownish
Purple solid White solid
iodine fluorine
chlorine bromine
Metal pin
Solid iodine
Metal plate
Solid iodine
Solid iodine vaporises
Alkali metals
Fluorine Bromine Chlorine Iodine Astatine
/ C
/ C
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br Cl
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br Cl I
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br Cl I As
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br Cl I As
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br Cl I As
9 17
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br Cl I As
9 17 35
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br Cl I As
9 17 35 53
Alkali metals
/ C
/ C
F Br Cl I As
9 17 35 53 85
Alkali metals
Symbol
Proton Atomic Number Radius / nm
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine Chlorine Iodine
F Br Cl
I
9 17 35
53
0.071
Astatine
As
85
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine
F Br Cl
I
9 17 35
53
0.071
0.099
Chlorine
Iodine
Astatine
As
85
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
F Br Cl I As
9 17 35 53 85
0.071 0.099 0.114
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine
F Br Cl
I As
9 17 35
53 85
0.071
0.099
Chlorine
Iodine Astatine
0.114
0.133
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine
F Br Cl
I As
9 17 35
53 85
0.071
0.099
Chlorine
Iodine Astatine
0.114
0.133
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine
F Br Cl
I As
9 17 35
53 85
0.071
0.099
-188
-220
Chlorine
Iodine Astatine
0.114
0.133
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine
F Br Cl
I As
9 17 35
53 85
0.071
0.099
-188
-35
-220
-101
Chlorine
Iodine Astatine
0.114
0.133
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine
F Br Cl
I As
9 17 35
53 85
0.071
0.099
-188
-35
-220
-101
Chlorine
Iodine Astatine
0.114
0.133
59
-7
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine
F Br Cl
I As
9 17 35
53 85
0.071
0.099
-188
-35
-220
-101
Chlorine
Iodine Astatine
0.114
0.133
59
184 -
-7
114 -
Alkali metals
Symbol
Boiling Point / C
Melting Point / C
Fluorine
Bromine
F Br Cl
I As
9 17 35
53 85
0.071
0.099
-188
-35
-220
-101
Chlorine
Iodine Astatine
0.114
0.133
59
184 -
-7
114 -
When going down the group :

1. Atomic size increasing
Reason: electron shells increase
2. Boiling point & melting point increasing Reason: - when atomic size increase - the attraction force between molecules become stronger - Thus, more heat is needed to overcome the attraction force
halogen
F2 (2.7) Same number of Cl2 (2.8.7) valence electron Br2 (2.8.18.7) Same chemical properties I2 (2.8.18.18.7) At2 (2.8.18.32.18.7)
High Electronegativity
- which means the strength of its atom in a molecule to pull electrons towards in nucleus
2. Chemical properties
- Have similar chemical properties, why?
-Answer:all have seven valence electrons

- All of alkali metals could reacts with:
A . water B. alkali C. Iron metal
Next to reactivity
A. Halogens react with water

chlorine with water bromine with water iodine with water
M + H2O HM + HOM
M = halogen
Chemical properties
Chlorine
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl

water
hydrochloric hydrochlorus acid acid
Bromine
Br2 + H2O HBr +

water
HOBr
hydrobromic hypobromus acid acid
Iodine
I2 + H2O HI
water
HOI
hypoiodus acid
Chemical properties
hydroiodic acid
B. Halogens react with Alkali

chlorine with sodium hydroxide bromine with sodium hydrocide iodine with sodium hydroxide
M + 2NaOH NaM + NaOM + H2O

M = halogen
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

Chlorine sodium hydroxide sodium chloride sodium water chlorate(I)
Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O

Bromine sodium hydroxide sodium bromide sodium water bromate(I)
Iodine
I2 + 2NaOH NaI + NaOI +

sodium hydroxide sodium iodide sodium iodate(I)
water
H2O
Chemical properties
C. Halogens react with Iron

chlorine with iron bromine with iron iodine with iron
3M2 + 2Fe 2FeM3

M = halogen
Chlorine
3Cl2 + 2Fe
Iron
2FeCl3
Iron (III) chloride
Bromine
3Br2 + 3Fe
Iron
2FeBr3
Iron (III) bromide
Iodine
3I2 + 3Fe
Iron
2FeI3
Iron (III) iodide
Observations :
halogen
Observations :
halogen
Observations :
halogen
All atoms of halogens have 7 valence electrons. So, all halogens exhibit similar chemical properties. But they differ in reactivity.
The atomic size increases when going down group 17 the outermost occupied shell becomes further away from the nucleus. so, the attraction of the nucleus to outer electron become weaker
the strength of nucleus to attract 1 more electron decreases

This causes the reactivity of halogens decrease when going down Group 17.
Q: Why reactivity of Group 17 decreases going down the group?
A: when going down the Group 17,

Atomic size become bigger Attraction between nucleus and outer electron become weaker More difficult to gain electron Less reactive
Safety precautions in handling Group 17 elements:

Fluorine gas, chlorine gas and bromine vapour are poisonous. Iodine vapour is harmful to the respiratory system of living things including human beings.
Safety precautions must be taken when handling halogens: - Handle halogens in the fume chamber. - Wear safety goggles. - Wear gloves.
Q: Compare the reactivity between Group 1 and Group 17 when going down the group
Group 1 Group 17
2.1 2.8.1 Need to release one e- to achieve stable earrangement When going down the group: Atomic size bigger Attraction between nucleus and outer electron become weaker easier to relaese electron
More reactive
2.7 2.8.7 Need to gain one e- to achieve stable earrangement When going down the group: Atomic size bigger Attraction between nucleus and electron become weaker More difficult to gain electron Less reactive
4.5 ELEMENTS IN A PERIOD
Consists of SEVEN periods from Period 1 to Period 7.
Element in Period 2 Proton number Electron arrangement Num of valence electrons
Li 3 2.1 1
Be 4 2.2 2
B 5 2.3 3
C 6 2.4 4
N 7 2.5 5
O 8 2.6 6
F 9 2.7 7
Ne 10 2.8 8
When going across Period 2 and Period 3 from left to right, - the proton number INCREASES by one - the number of electron valence INCREASES by one
Properties across Period 3

(a) Atomic size Decreases when going across a period from L R due to electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus when going across P3.
(b) Electronegativity
Measurement of strength of an atom to attract electrons towards its nucleus. INCREASES when going across a period from L R.
(c) have three shells occupied with electrons. Number of valence electron increases from 1 8.
(d) All elements exist as solid except chlorine and Argon which are gases.
chlorine
argon
Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3
Metal Period 3 Elements Non-metals Amphoteric oxides
Form oxides with basic properties
Form oxides with acidic properties
Metals
Nonmetals Some metals

Form both
acidic & basic

properties
Uses of Semi-metal (Metalloids)

1. Silicon & Germanium As semimetal (metalloid) Weak conductor of electricity In industry, it is known as semiconductor (good conductor of electricity)
Semiconductor Used in the microelectronic industry to make diodes, transistors etc. Make microchips computer, calculator, cell phones, televisions etc
The position in the Periodic Table

In Group 3 to Group 12 of the Periodic Table
Physical Properties of Transition Elements

All transition elements are metals. They are solids with shiny surfaces. They are ductile and malleable. They have high tensile strength.
They have high melting and boiling points. They have high densities. They are good conductors of electricity and heat.
The first-row Transition Metals
**Special Characteristic of Transition Elements

(1)Form coloured ions/compounds
Colours of some of the first-row Transition Metal ions in solution
(2) Exhibit different oxidation numbers in compounds
(3) Form complex ions
(4) Act as catalysts
Uses of some Transition Metals
Titanium is used in aircraft construction
The filament of an electric light bulb is made from tungsten
A chromium-plated teapot
Fireworks
Made by mixing gunpowder (mixture of potassium nitrate. Sulphur and charcoal) with different salts of transition metals
The colorful display shown by the fireworks is due to the presence of different salts of transition elements
Difference in colour of peoples hair is due to the presence of different transition metals compounds. Common brown hair contains compounds of iron, cobalt and copper. Red hair contains molybdenum compounds and blonde hair contains titanium compounds.

Chapter 4 Periodictable

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Chapter 4 Periodictable

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4.

1 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF

Lets play BINGO!!

Scientist had discover hundreds types of elements in this earth.

Examples of modern periodic table

1. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794AD)

2. Johann Dobereiner (1780-1849AD)

3. John Newlands (1837-1898AD)

4. Lother Meyer (1830-1895AD)

5. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907AD)

6. Henry J.G. Moseley (1887-1915AD)

Right side -Group 14-18 non - metals

All elements in Group 2 has 2 valence electrons

Al (2.8.3) Ga (2.8.18.3) In (2.8.18.8.3)

All elements in Group 13 has 3 valence electrons

Cl (2.8.7) Br (2.8.18.7) I (2.8.18.8.7)

All elements in Group 17 has 7 valence electrons

He (2) Ne (2.8) Ar (2.8.8) Kr (2.8.18.8)

All elements in Group 18 has 8 valence electrons Except Helium

-proton number = 6 -number of electron= 6 -electron arrangement=2.4 -valence electrons = 4

period 2 (2 electron shells) group 14 (4 electron valence)

Valence electrons = number of electron in the outer shell Electron arrangement:

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)

2.2 2.8.2 2.8.3

2.8 2.8.6 2.8.7

Fill in the blanks (demo)