Presenter: Asif S.

Khan DG (Pak-EPA) (Ministry of Environment)

Air Quality

AIR
Nitrogen (78.084%)+ Oxygen (20.946%)+ Carbon Dioxide (0.033%)
PM10 N2O CO NO NO2 PM10 PM2.5 HC O3 N2O SPM SO2 PM10

HC
PM2.5 SPM

Natural Dust Vehicles Garbage Burning Brick Kilns

Domestic Burning
Transboundary Pollution Stone Crushers

Bio-mass Burning

Industry

Pollution by Steel Furnaces

Level of Suspended Particulate Matters

PM10
1030 1200

834
520

895 709

870

1000
800

600
230 400

200
0

Safe Limit
WHO Guidelines: 120 g/m3 Japanese Standards: 200 g/m3
Source: EPD/SUPARCO/NWFP EPA/PAK-EPA

Particulate matter in Air

PM2.5 (micro gram per cubic meter)

140

120
100 80 60 40 20 0 Islamabad Lahore Karachi Peshawer Quetta

2007 2008 2009

Safe Limit 35 ug/m3

Air Quality Islamabad

50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 1
60 50 40 30 20 10 0

July 2009

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

August 2009

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

September 2009

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

100 80 60 40 20 0 1 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

October 2009

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

November 2009

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

December 2009

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

250
200 150 100 50 0 1 140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 1 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

January 2010

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

February 2010

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

March 2010

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

180 160

140
120 100 80 60 40 20 0

April 2010

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

80 70 60 50

May 2010

40
30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Lahore
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Good 0 - 25 Moderate 26 - 50 Unhealthy 51 - 100 Severe 101 - 200 Hazardous 201 - 300

20-10-2009

204.5

PM 2.5 186.1

Particulate Matter ug/m3 Bad > 35

Islamabad
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Good 0 - 25 Moderate 26 - 50 Unhealthy 51 - 100 Severe 101 - 200 Hazardous 201 - 300

70.4

PM 2.5 55.1
Particulate Matter

Bad > 35

Karachi
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Good 0 - 25 Moderate 26 - 50 Unhealthy 51 - 100 Severe 101 - 200 Hazardous 201 - 300

20-10-2009

133.6

PM2.5 95.2

Particulate matter ug/m3

Bad > 35

Showing visible impact of High Particulate Matter

PM2.5: 134 g/m3

PM2.5: 17 g/m3

Health Impacts
Pre-mature deaths:
Respiratory diseases:

21,791 people/year
706,808,732 cases/year
(4.2 episodes/person/year)

Chronic bronchitis:

7,825 cases

Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution

Health End-Points
Premature mortality adults Mortality children under 5yrs Chronic Bronchitis Hospital Admissions Emergency room visits/ outpatient hospital visits

Attributed Total Cases

21,791 658 7,825 81,312 1,595,080

Restricted activity days

Lower respiratory illness in children

81,541,893
4,924,148

Respiratory symptoms
Total

706,808,732 (Avg. 4.2 episode/person/year)

Source: Pakistan Strategic country Environmental Assessment Report by World Bank, 2006.

Other Effects of Air Pollution

Haze/smog (fades out colors) Respiratory Diseases (Caught, irritation of throat very common) Increased pre-matured deaths due to Heart Attack High suspended particulates facilitate spreading of air born bacteria and viruses High suspended particulates facilitate formation of fog causing cancellation of flights and suspension highways Less agricultural yield Less Blue Sky Days Deposition of dust on surfaces

Vehicles on Road
14

1980

0.682

12
10

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2008

2015

1.288 1.990 3.000 4.471 7.084 8.878 9.413

13.127

8
6

4 2
0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2008 2015

(Projected)

MAJOR STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT

Announced National Environment Policy Established emission standards Installed 7 fixed and 3 mobile continuous air quality monitoring system in federal and provincial capitals and up-gradation of EPAs laboratories Introduced unleaded gasoline Reduced Sulphur contents in diesel from 1% to 0.6% Conversion of 2 million vehicles to CNG Punjab Government Initiated Green Rickshaw program in Lahore Setup 30 model car tune up stations and set up a revolving fun to promote energy efficiency in road transport Establish Ambient Air Quality Standards Adaptation of EURO-II standards by vehicle manufacturers for petrol vehicles by 1st July 2009 and diesel vehicles by 2012ir Program Approved Pakistan Clean Air Program in the 11th Meeting of the Council

Policy to Control Vehicular Pollution

Covered in the National Environmental Policy 2005

3.2 Air Quality and Noise

(e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) Regulate vehicular emission Establish Standards for vehicles at manufacturing stage Update and enforce fuel specifications Make use of catalytic convertors in new and in-use vehicles mandatory Phase out sulphur from diesel and furnace oil Promote cleaner production technology Phase out two stroke vehicles Encourage cost effective inter-city mass transit in major cities promote non-motorized means of travel such as cycling and walking through provision of adequate walkways and cycle lanes in cities Establish and enforce standards for ambient noise Establish emission standards to control noise at source

 Establishment of Air Quality Monitoring system Improved Quality of Conventional Fuels Modern vehicle technology through adoption of Euro standards Alternate Clean Fuels LPG, CNG, dual fuel Enforcement of NEQS Vehicle Emission testing Program
Roadside inspection Fixed Stations

Pakistan Clean Air Program PCAP

Phasing out 2 stroke vehicles by 2014 Replacement of diesel buses with CNG Urban plantation Stopping Garbage burning

Existing National Environmental Quality Standards

S.No Parameter Standards (maximum permissible limit) Measuring method

Smoke

40% or 2 on the Ringlemann Scale during engine acceleration mode. Emission Standards : New Vehicles. Used Vehicles. 6%

To be compared with Ringlemann Chart at a distance of 6 meters or more. Under idling conditions: Non-dispersive infrared detection through gas analyzer.

Carbon Monoxide.

4.5 %
3

Noise.

85 db (A).

Sound-meter at 7.5 meters from the source.

ADOPTION OF EURO STANDARDS BY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Country
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

European Union Hong Kong, China a India India

b

Euro 1

Euro 2 Euro 1 Euro 2

Euro 3 Euro 3 Euro 1

Euro 1

Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 2 Euro 3

Euro 5

Euro 3

Euro 2 Euro 2 Euro 1 Euro 1 Euro 1 Euro 2

Malaysia Nepal Philippine s PRC Singapore Sri Lanka Taipei,Chi na Thailand Viet Nam Viet Nam
d

Euro 1

Euro 2 Euro 1

Euro 1

US Tier 1 Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 1 Euro 3

US Tier 2 for dieselc Euro 4

Euro 4 (under consideration) Euro 1 Euro 2

Eur o3

Euro 4

Required Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Quality

Standard Gasoline Diesel Lead Sulfur (ppm) Sulfur (ppm)
0 0 0 0 NA NA 500 150 50a NA NA 500 350 50a 50a

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5b a: b:

10 PPM is in the late stages of Adoption by the European Union Heavy Duty Diesel Engines Only

Agreed Standards & Time Frame

Vehicle
Categories 1st July 2009 1st July 2012*

All petrol driven vehicles All diesel driven vehicles

Euro II

Euro II

*Subject to availability of required quality of fuel by the Ministry

of Petroleum and Natural Resources

Roadside Checking of Smoke Emitting Vehicles

A TYPICAL MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION SYSTEM

Motor Registration Office

Motor Vehicle Examiner

SLIENCER TEST EMMISSION TEST

LIGHT TEST

WEEL TEST

SLIP TEST

L ANE 1
Computer Test Report

L ANE 2
Computer Test Report

L ANE 3
Computer Test Report

L ANE 4