6 Quad Cable Construction

Topics to be covered
Physical Construction RDSO Specifications Cable Characteristics Comparative study of Conventional & Equalizer Systems Cable laying About DSL Use of DSL Technology on Quad cable

Physical Construction

Cable peeled
Al Screen PE inner Jacket Polyester tape

Dummy tube
Jelly filling Poly Al tape Woven tape

PVC Outer jacket

GI Armour PVC Inner tape jacket

Whipping / Binder for each quad Four conductors of quad

Quad Identification & Purpose

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Whipping colour Orange Blue Brown Green Yellow Black Colour of insulation A Orange Blue Brown Green Yellow Black B White White White White White White C Red Red Red Red Red Red D Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Purpose SC EC BPAC Data Block LC/ Auto I/F

Quad Identification & Purpose (When used with OFC)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Whipping colour Orange Blue Brown Green Yellow Black Colour of insulation Purpose

A Orange
Blue Brown Green Yellow Black

B White
White White White White White

C Red
Red Red Red Red Red

D Grey
Grey Grey

Block Spare for block EC

Grey BPAC & LC Grey Grey BPAC TAWD

Characteristics

Electrical Characteristics
Parameter Dia. of conductor Loop Resistance Attenuation Ch. Impedance Insulation Resistance Mutual capacitance Value 0.9 mm 56 Ohm / Loop km 0.619 db / km (unloaded) 0.25 db / km (loaded) 470 Ohm (unloaded) 1120 Ohm (loaded) 5000 M Ohm (500 V Megger) 0.05 Micro Farad / km

Inductance for loading - 118 mH & Loading section - 2 km

RDSO Specifications

Chronology of events
In mid 1990s, Railway Board decided to go in for Optical Fiber Cable & PE Quad cable in place of Main Telecom Quad cable Accordingly Spec. IRS : TC 30-83 & 31-83 hitherto being used for PE insulated 4 Q cable for Axle counter were modified to include tests pertaining to telecom (viz. crosstalk, attenuation) and following spec. were issued : IRS TC 30/96 (4 Quad dry telecom cable) IRS TC 30/97 (4/6 Quad Jelly filled Telecom cable) Dry cable not reliable due to moisture entry Not used IRS TC 30/97 modified in 2005 & issued as IRS TC 30/2005 Version-1 Amendment-1 issued in Aug.2006 Amendmdnet-2 issued in Sept.2006

Amendments to IRS TC 30/2005

Distinct limits were specified for near end and far end cross talks & attenuation at 150 kHz, 5 kHz & 0.8 kHz in Amendment-1 Max. spec. resistance was erroneously specified as 17.241 Ohm cm in IRS TC 30/2005. This was corrected as 17.241 X 10-7 in Amendment-2

RDSO Specifications for Cable Joints

RDSO Specification for jointing Thermoshrink Jointing Kits for under ground 4/6 Quad Jelly filled cables issued in the year 2000 First revision issued in 2006 RDSO Spec. IRS TC 77/2006 Rev.1 Amendmdnet-1 issued in November-2006

RDSO Specifications related to TTC using the cable

Conventional arrangement
Consists of VF amplifiers & leak amplifiers at repeaters every 40-50 km Spec. IRS TC 50-90

Equalizer Amplifier arrangement

Consists of Equalizer-Amplifier at every station Spec. RDSO/SPN/34/2002

Comparative study of Conventional & Equalizer Systems

The 2 Options in 6Q system

Conventional arrangement
Consists of VF amplifiers & leak amplifiers at repeaters every 40-50 km Spec. IRS TC 50-90

Equalizer Amplifier arrangement

Consists of Equalizer-Amplifier at every station Spec. RDSO/SPN/34/2002

Conventional arrangement
Consists of VF amplifiers & leak amplifiers at repeaters every 40-50 km Repeaters are 2 types : Main (Test room) Intermediate (Way-station) VF amplifiers are provided for all VF circuits in all repeaters to compensate for cable attenuation, insertion loss Leak amplifiers are provided to enable conversation between way stations
Provided for SC & EC circuit at main repeater Provided for EC circuit at intermediate repeater

Buffer amplifier at branching station Loading of Quads every 2 km

Equalizer-Amplifier Arrangement
Consists of Equalizer-Amplifier at every station No loading No use of condenser joint balancing is done using condensers at every station Isolation of circuit / station in case of failure

Comparison of features
Conventional type Requires derivation joints every 1 km for EC sockets & loading coil joints every 2 km. Condenser joint required in between loading coil joints Repeater every 40-50 km; Power plant requirement is less Voice level variation from station to station since repeater is at 40-50 km interval. Equalizer type Requires only derivation joints for EC sockets every 1 km

Equalizer-Amplifier needed at every station; Reliable power plant required at every station Voice level kept at 0 dbm at all stations due to use of Equalizer-Amplifier at every station.

Comparison of features (contd..)

Conventional type Noise level additive over 4050 km section Attenuation and frequency distortion are compensated by using loading coil and condenser joints Equalizer type Noise level additive over single block section Only for sections more than 20 km, we need to use loading coil joints. In such cases, eqpt is located at LCs rather than using loading coil and condenser joints Equipment at every station works as 4 way branching network , hence, no reversal is required for Radio patch

For radio patching, amplifier needs to be reversed. (Some Railways are using remote control circuits to do so)

Comparison of features (contd..)

Conventional type Repeater stations require manning or inspection There is no facility of intercom Equalizer type Remote monitoring & control facility available from test room Facility of 8 line intercom inbuilt (SSEs at selected way stations)

Cost : Rs. 2 lakhs/ km

Cost : Rs. 1.9 lakhs / km

Cable laying

Checks on receipt of drum

Drum length 1 km Wt. 2MT Drum no. , size of cable & dia. Manufacturers details Length of cable Address of consignee Year of manufacturer Net & Gross weight Arrow indicating direction of rolling End seal shall be checked & RDSO inspection marks shall be seen

Handling cable drum

Use crane / ramp for loading & unloading Use centre bar for carrying Drum shall not be dropped Cable shall not be kept flat Do not stock drums closely

Planning for laying

Survey of cable route Mark details on 200m charts Track Yard Buildings LCs Bridges Water bodies Existing cable paths Likely track crossings Consider 1 drum length (1 km) to cover 0.96 RKm (the margin take scare of detour, crossing etc.) Joint on either end of bridges Locate ECs rationalizing no. of joints Get approval of Engg. & S&T (Open line)

General precautions while laying

Do not drag the cable on ground Cable to be carried using centre bar Drum to be lifted with jack and rotated freely Measure insulation before laying Cable end sealing after laying Drum no. & km no. to be noted Straight line laying Overlap to be left for jointing Extra loop of 5 m near bridges/culverts/repeaters

Specific precautions while laying

Criteria At least 5 m away from centre of track Beyond embankment Close to Railway Boundary Normal soil - Trench depth 1 m, width 30 cm (depth shall not be less than 70 cm in any case) Rocky area at least 30 cm depth & use of HDPE/RCC pipe & concrete protection Use of MS channels & GI trough on girder bridges RCC / GI pipe protection on RCC culverts / bridges Check for availability of cable duct on RCC bridges LC gate crossing / track crossing Use of GI pipes Insulation test of drum before laying & jointly signed by Maintenance & Construction representatives

About DSL

ISDN Transmission Structure

2B+D Bus 64 kbps

Narrow Band Switch Broad Band Switch DistriBution Module

Local Exchange

192 kbps or T1/E1 Copper

Narrow Band

Dig.TP Terminal

FAX

2.048/ 155.52 Mbps

2B+D

PBX

622.08 Mbps Broad Band 155.52 Mbps

LAN PBX Video Conf

TV/ Radio

TV Distribution

Network Termination

Subscriber Terminals

DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines)

Digital connectivity to subscriber Always Connected Dedicated point-to-point (No sharing) Voice calls segregated from data via line splitter Data signals are aggregated via DSL access Multiplexer (DSLAM)

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

After traditional modems reached their peak data rate, telephone companies developed another technology, DSL, to provide higher-speed access to the Internet. Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology is one of the most promising for supporting high-speed digital communication over the existing local loops. DSL Variants
ADSL - Assymetric Digital Subscriber line Different data rates on Up & Down links Used for internet access - Symmetric High Speed DSL Same data rate on up & down links To be used for high speed data transmission on telephony/quad cables in Railways

SHDSL

DSL Variants
Type
ADSL

Name
Asynchronous DSL

Description
Dn 1.5 Mbps to 6 Mbps (T1/E1) Up- 64 k to 640 k in increments of 64k Separate 4k for basic analog Telephone Upto 3 km distance Suitable for Internet access, Intranet access, LAN access, database access, 3D image access
Dn 1.5 Mbps Up 384 kbps ; 5 km loop

ADSL Lite ADSL Lite, G.Lite, Universal ADSL, Splitterless ADSL HDSL High bit rate DSL

Symmetrical DSL T1 over 2 pairs of UTP or E1 over 3 pairs of UTP (Data divided on the pairs) 5 km loop

DSL Variants (contd)

Type HDSL 2 IDSL RADSL Name Description High Bit Rate DSL 2 HDSL Support over single pair UTP ISDN like DSL Rate adaptive DSL BRI of ISDN ; 5 km loop Determines the rate at which data can be sent reliably and adapts that rate. Up 120 k to 1 Mbps Dn 640 k to 2 Mbps

SDSL

Symmetric DSL or Single Line DSL

Universal DSL

Single line pair to support 784 kbps; 5 km loop Telephone service not supported
Symmetrical 2 Mbps; 5 km loop

UDSL VDSL

Very High Data Rate 13 to 52 Mbps Dn stream & DSL 1.5 Mbp up stream; Loop 1.2 km To be deployed as part of fiber-copper hybrid-Fiber for service provider to neighbourhood & copper for neighbourhood to service provider

Note

ADSL is an asymmetric communication technology designed for residential users; it is not suitable for businesses.

Note

The existing local loops can handle bandwidths up to 1.1 MHz. ADSL is an adaptive technology. The system uses a data rate based on the condition of the local loop line.

Discrete multitone technique

Bandwidth division in ADSL

ADSL modem

DSLAM

DSL Technology on Quad Cable for Train Traffic Control

Scheme
Use of SHDSL modems and PD MUX working on Daisy Chain configuration BW available over 20 km is 512 kbps Use of conductors : 2 pairs (1Q) of Quad cable No. of stations : 25 Channel level patching through MW / OFC / Leased circuit on Manual healing ring basis is provided at both ends of Daisy chain

Few Questions
What is SHDSL modem ? What is Daisy chaining ? What is manual healing ring ?

Answers
SHDSL Modem
Symmetric High Speed DSL Supports symmetric data rates (same rate on up link & down link) in the range 192 kbps to 2048 kbps Uses Trellis Code Pulse Amplitude Modulation (TCPAM) as per ITU-T Rec. G.991.2

Daisy chaining
Equipment are connected in a chain such that output of one is connected to input of the next in chain

Manual healing ring

Manual change-over in case of interruption

Interface
Voice Channels (5 omnibus)
Section control Deputy control Emergency control 2 channels as per CSTEs decision

Data channel ( 1 no.)

G.703 /V.35/V.36/V.24

Synchronization channel (2 nos.)

G.703
ITU/Ts encoding standard PBX systems use 64 kbps leased lines G.703 covers specifications for digital transmission rates of 64 kbps

Features of EIAs RS Series Standards

Parameter Connector Link type RS-232C DB 25 or DB 9 Point to point RS-422 DB 37 or DB 9 Point to point RS-485 DB 37 or DB 9 Multi-point using tri-state drivers

Transmission Data rate (max) Length at max. rate

Full-duplex Full-duplex Full-duplex 115.2 kbps 15 m 230 kbps 300 m 230 kbps 300 m

Features of ITU-Ts V. Series Standards

Parameter Connector V.24 DB 25 or DB 9 V.35 Block shaped 34 pin V.36 Block shaped 34 pin Point to point Full-duplex 2 Mbps 1200 m

Link type Transmission Data rate (max) Length at max. rate

Point to Point to point point Full-duplex Full-duplex 115.2 kbps 15 m 1.544 Mbps 1200 m

Transmission Modes
1 Pair mode 2 pair mode 1+1 Line Protection Mode

Power Supply Requirement

Exchange battery voltage Remote supply voltage Remote supply current
Power dissipation

: 36 to 72 V DC < 120 V < 50 mA /75 mA ( 2 pair / 1 pair) 12 W / 6.5 W ( 2 pair / 1 pair)

Line Transmission
Line code : 16 TC PAM Tx rate : 192 to 2048 kbps Impedance : 135 Ohm, Symmetrical Signal level: + 13.5 dbm ( for data rate < 2Mbps) + 14.5 dbm ( for data rate > 2Mbps)

Typical Transmission Distances

Copper gauge
Single pair 0.4 mm 0.6 mm 0.8 mm 3.8 km 5.7 km 9.5 km

Distance
Double pair 5.0 km 7.3 km 12.0 km

Thank you