METHODS OF TEACHING

PROJECT METHOD OF TEACHING ROLE PLAY METHOD OF TEACHING BRAINSTORMING METHOD OF TEACHING

PRESENTED BY T. NITHYA TEAM: CRITICAL PEDAGOGY

PROJECT METHOD OF TEACHING

According to Kilpatrick

A project is a whole- hearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment.

According to Stevenson (1908)

A project is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural setting.

According to Ballard

A project is a bit of real life that has been imparted into the school.

PROJECT METHOD IS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES

Learning by doing. Learning by living. Children learn better through association, cooperation

and activity

TYPES OF PROJECT
Individual and Social (Group) projects:
Simple and Complex project: Constructive project: Aesthetic project: Problematic project: Drill project:

PRINCIPLES OF PROJECT METHOD

Principle of Purposefulness Principle of Utility Principle of Freedom Principle of Activity Principle of Reality Principle of Social Development Principle of Planning

STEPS
1. Creating Situation 2. Selection of the problem

3. Planning
4. Execution 5. Evaluation

6. Reporting and Recording

ROLE OF THE TEACHER

A guide, friend and philosopher. Helps the students in solving their problems. Encourages his students to work collectively, and co

operatively. Helps his students to avoid mistakes. He makes it a point that each member of the group contributed something to the completion of the project. Teacher should always remain alert and active during execution step and see that the project goes to completion successfully. During execution of the project teacher should maintain a democratic atmosphere. Teacher must be well read and well-informed so that he can help the students to the successful completion of the project

ADVANTAGES

It is a method of teaching based on psychological laws of learning. It is students centered, activity based method. This method develops the problem solving ability to the students. It imbibes the spirit of cooperation as it is a cooperative venture. Stimulates interest in natural as also man made situations. It develops self-confidence and self-discipline and spirit of enquiry. A project can be used to arouse interest in a particular topics as it blends school life with outside world. It makes the students as independent. It gives the real work experience to the students. It develops the social qualities and synergism in the students heart. It develops the responsibility realization of the students. By this the students organizes the planning things in an order.

LIMITATIONS
It is a time consuming method. It is a very costly method as it involves tours,

excursions, purchase of apparatus and equipments etc. All topics are not able to teach through this method. It is not applicable for all the schools. Good textbooks on these lines have not yet been produced. The method of organizing instruction is unsystematized and thus the regular time table of work will be upset. Sometimes the projects may be to ambitions and beyond pupils capacity to accomplish.

ROLE PLAY

ROLE PLAYING
The Dictionary of Education

explains role-playing as "an instructional technique involving a spontaneous portrayal (acting out) of a situation, condition, or circumstances by selected members of a learning group." The situation to which the person responds may be either structured or unstructured.

Principles for Effective Role Playing

1. Preparation
a. Define the problem b. Create a readiness for the g. Acting h. Stopping i. Involving the audience j. Analyzing the discussion k. Evaluating

2. Playing

role(s) c. Establish the situation d. Cast the characters e. Brief and warm up f. Consider the training

ADVANTAGES
Reflect upon their knowledge of a subject. As such, role

play is an excellent teaching method for reviewing material at the end of a course of study. It is energizing. It helps the suppressed and illiterate to express their feelings It is simple and low cost It focuses on problems which are very real in nature It presents complex issues simply and in a short while It does not need material or advance preparation Individuals are required to use appropriate concepts and arguments as defined by their role. Participation helps embed concepts.

DISADVANTAGES
There is a possibility of it becoming entertainment

which vitiates learning Participants can get too involved in their roles and later loose objectivity during analysis Acting can become an end in itself and participants can overact or distort the roles That the observers need to observe must be explained clearly or else the discussion, which occurs later on the basis of this observation, will be inadequate.

Guidelines for Maximum Utilization

1. Design the situation being utilized in sufficient detail in advance of

the class session. 2. Define the roles in terms of the situation, keeping in mind learner characteristics. 3. The actors should be given a short time to get their thoughts together. 4. The class members who are to observe should take notes and be instructed in what to look for. 5. Upon completion of the activity, evaluation of the students' performance should take place. 6. Certain portions of the activity may be improved with re- enactment. 7. In a "hot" display in which emotions get out of hand, a simple reversal of roles can accomplish much. 8. An atmosphere of freedom and security must exist in the classroom.

At the end of role-playing

Engaging in discussion of a totally unrelated topic to

promote interaction that brings the group back to the 'here and now' Allowing further discussion of any issue of concern Allowing objective feedback on aspects of the portrayal of the roles and how real the situation felt Asking actors and observers what they liked about the interaction and what might have been done differently Asking the class what they learnt from the role-play Drawing the class' attention back to the objective, or to the main points that the role-play was to demonstrate

BRAINSTORMING

BRAIN STORMING
The teacher assigns some

problem to the pupils all the pupils think over it independently and give their views. It makes no difference whether the answers are correct or not. Teacher writes the views of the children on the black board. Finally the answer is evolved
It was invented in 1941 by Alex

Osborn, an advertising executive, in his book "Applied Imagination",

Rules for Brainstorming

No Criticism Work for Quantity Freewheeling Encouraged Hitchhiking Welcome

DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF BRAINSTORMING

Structured Brainstorming
Unstructured Brainstorming Negative (or Reverse) Brainstorming Nominal group technique Group Passing Technique Online Brainstorming Directed brainstorming Individual brainstorming

PROCEDURAL STEPS

Preactive phase Active Phase Post Active Phase

Brain Storming Rules

No idea too stupid
Watch the clock Record your progress Quantity not quality Encourage the right mindset and have fun Let no good idea go unheard. Using Ice Breaker

ADVANTAGES
Listening exercise that allows creative thinking for new ideas. Encourages full participation because all ideas are equally recorded. Draws on group's knowledge and experience.

Spirit of cooperation is created. One idea can spark off other ideas Stimulates interest, the power of association, a spirit of competition, free use of imagination and active participation.
Develops an understanding and an appreciation for the thoughts and points of view of others. Is relatively economical in terms of time, does not necessitate any elaborate classroom arrangements and can be effectively used with both small and large groups. Eliminates time-wasting arguments during discussion and encourages participation by all students without the possibility of destructive or cynical criticism by others.

In the brainstorming process, no idea is a bad one. Sometimes, a bad or difficult idea can lead to another more pleasing or agreeable kind of idea or answer. The more ideas that are written down and repeated, the easier it is to see the better idea. There must be quantity of ideas so the best ones stand out like lights in the dark.

LIMITATIONS
Can be unfocused. Students may have difficulty getting away from

known reality. Value to students depends in part on their maturity level The enthusiasm of individual members could cause the group to get out of hand or the discussion to be monopolized and necessitate certain control measures. Successful brainstorming depends in part upon the understanding of the procedure by the participants and the careful selection of a topic and qualified chairman and secretary. Little evaluation and constructive criticism of individual ideas takes place during the discussion. The recording of all comments and statements during the session could slow the spontaneous generation of ideas and the overall procedure.

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