Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Declared u/s. 3 of the UGC Act. 1956) Jagamohan Nagar, Jagamara, Bhubaneswar 751030.
your Rough, Fair Records & Stationeries (Pen, Pencils, Eraser, tracing papers , Graph papers etc.) After completion of the demonstration, prepare the requirement of apparatus, components etc in tabular form in your rough record, and then issue those from the Lab. Staff. In case of any problem, ask for assistance from teachers / lab staff. Perform experiments at your assigned table and do not move around which may create disturbances to others. After completion of your experiment, get the rough copy and fair copy along with other results signed by the respective lab instructors and the concerned faculty. The apparatus has to be returned in the same condition as issued after completion of the experiment. Wearing shoes is mandatory for safety against electrical shock.
experiments. For each experiments the following steps should be maintained.. 1) Name of the experiments with Date 2) Aim of the experiments 3) Objectives 4) Apparatus Required 5) Circuit Diagram 6) Calculation 7) Observation(Tabulation/Graph/Tracing) 8) Conclusion
covered and named with proper registration number. For each experiments the following steps should be maintained. 1) Name of the experiments with Date 2) Aim of the experiments 3) Objectives 4) Apparatus Required 5) Circuit Diagram 6) Brief Theory 7) Procedure 8) Calculation 9) Observation(tabulation/Graph/Tracing) 10) Precautions 11) Conclusion
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. 2.
Familiarization with different types of electronic components:Resistors, Capacitors, Semiconductors Diodes, Transistors and IC. Familiarization with the use of Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Digital multimeter and DC Power Supply. VI characteristics of a PN junction diode for forward and reverse biasing. Determination of D.C. and A.C. resistance. Diode as a half wave and full wave rectifier. Calculation of D.C. current and ripple factor for resistive load and capacitive load. Diode as a Clamper and Clipper Circuit. VI Characteristics of a BJT and draw the Load Line.
3.
4. 5. 6.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CE BJT amplifier. Measurement of Linearity characteristics and Gain of a 1 KHz Signal. 8. OPAMP as a summing amplifier and differentiator. 9. Determine the Truth Table of AND, OR, NAND, NOR and EXOR Gates. 10. Study of multiplexer and de-multiplexer ICs. 11. Use of Oscilloscope for measurement of phase, frequency and amplitude of a Signal. 12. Fabrication of a simple RC coupled amplifier to operate in audio band. Measure its gain- frequency response. Study the effect of series feedback. NOTE: Out of above 12 experiments one has to perform atleast 10 experiments.
7.
EXPERIMENT-01
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Familiarize with different types of electronics componentsResistors, Capacitors, Semiconductors Diodes, Transistors and IC. OBJECTIVES: Familiarity with various types of electronics components and Devices. Identification of electronic components symbolically and physically. Measurement of resistance using colour code technique and capacitance by digital multimeter. Testing of Semiconductor Diode and Transistor using Digital multimeter. Identification of IC pins.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: i. Active and Passive components. a. Fixed and Variable Resistors.
b. Electrolyte and ceramic capacitors. c. Cristal diode, Zener diode and LED. d. BJT & FET. f. Analog and Digital IC.
Variable Resistors
Symbols
3D Pictures
Crystal Diode
Zener Diode
FET
Integrated circuit
RESISTOR :
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
TYPES OF RESISTOR:
FIXED RESISTOR:
Fixed resistors are those types of resistors whose value is fixed already while manufacturing and cannot be changed during its usage.
1 .CARBON COMPOSITION:
These types of resistors are made by a composition of Carbon
Particles which are held together by a binding resign. The proportion of carbon particles and resign used determines the value of the resistor. At both ends of the composition a Metal Cap with a small rod of tin is attached to solder it or use it in circuits , then the whole package is enclosed in a plastic case to prevent moisture and reaction with air.
2. METAL FILM :
Metal film resistors are made by depositing vaporized metal in vacuum on a ceramic core rod. These types of resistors are very reliable,have high tolerance and also have high temperature coefficient.
3. WIRE WOUND:
Wire wound resistor are made by winding a metal wire around a ceramic core. The metal wire is an alloy of various metals based on the characteristics and resistance of the resistor required. These types of resistor have high stability and can also withstand high powers .
VARIABLE RESISTORS:
A variable resistor is a device that is used to change the resistance according to our needs in an electronic circuit. It can be used as a three terminal as well as a two terminal device. There are mainly three types of variable resistors : Potentiometer Rheostat Presets
CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a passive two terminal component which
stores electric charge. This component consists of two conductors which are separated by a dielectric medium.
TYPES OF CAPACITOR:
1. FIXED CAPACITOR
2. VARIABLE CAPACITOR
FIXED CAPACITOR:
A fixed capacitor possesses a fixed adjusted. A fixed capacitor material used as or electrolyte.
is constructed in such manner that it value of capacitance which cannot be is classified according to the type of its dielectric, such as paper, oil, mica,
(ii)ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used when very large capacitance values are required. Here instead of using a very thin metallic film layer for one of the electrodes, a semi-liquid electrolyte solution in the form of a jelly or paste is used which serves as the second electrode
VARIABLE CAPACITOR:
A variable Capacitor is a special type of capacitor, most commonly used for tuning radios, which allows the amount of electrical charge it can hold to be altered over a certain range, measured in a unit known as Farads. There are mainly two types of variable capacitor:1. Gang capacitor 2. Trimmer
TESTING OF DIODES :
Connect the Red test lead of multimeter to the V-
input
connector and black test lead to the common input connector. Set function/range switch to the diode test position Connect the test lead to the device. The red lead is positive and black lead is negative. When connect this two leads to the device ,if over range is displayed ,the junction is open, if a low reading is obtained ,it indicates the barrier voltage of the diode.
TRANSISTOR :
Transistor is a semiconductor device,
having three or more terminals attached to electrode regions, in which current flowing between two electrodes is controlled by a voltage or current applied to one or more specified electrodes. The device is capable of amplification, switching, detection etc.
TESTING OF BJT :
Bipolar transistor can be tested in the same manner as diode,
junction formed between the base and emitter and the base and collector of the transistor.
Measurement between the collector and emitter also made to
DIFFERENT IC PACKAGES:
CONCLUSION :
EXPERIMENT -2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT :
Familiarize in the use CRO,Function generator,Multimeter,and Dc regulalated power supply.
OBJECTIVE :
Study of Oscilloscope , Function generator ,Dc regulated
power supply ,Bread board , multimeter and familiarize with front panel control and their function. Measure the amplitude and frequency of various wave form (sine , square and triangular).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO. EQUIPMENT
CATHOD RAY OSCILLOSCOPE
SPECIFICATION
20 MHZ/30 MHZ
QUANTITY
1
1
2
FUNCTION GENERATOR
1 MHZ
0 30 V
DIGITAL MULTIMETER
CRO PROBES
holds indicated calibration clockwise, it extends the sweep by 2.5 times approx, with LED indication.
HOLD OFF : Provides 4:1 hold-off to enhance HF & complex signal triggering. POSITION/X5 : Controls the horizontal position of the display .When this
control is pulled ,it magnifies the sweep 5 times, with LED indication.
LEVEL : Variable control ,select the trigger point on the displayed wave form.
signal. The display is then automatically triggered for signal above 30 Hz depending upon correct setting of trigger level control.
CH1/CH2 : Select s trigger signal INT mode derived from CH1 or CH2 inputs .
AC/DC/GND : Select input coupling /grounding (Ground the amplifier input
and enable use of the scope as on X-Y scope(Y input vin CH1) in released position .
Y POSITION/X5 : Controls the vertical position of the display. When the
control is pulled ,it magnifies the vertical sensitivity by 5 times with LED indication.
DUAL/CH1 : When pressed CH1 trace is selected. DUAL/CH2 : When pressed CH2 trace is selected. CT :
LINE FUSE: For 230 v operation use 500 mA slow blow fuse. GND :
FUNCTION GENERATOR:
0.1 to 1 times the frequency range value selected .User can accurately set the desired frequency using fine control knob.
FUNCTION SWITCH : Three interlocking pushbutton switches provides selection of the
desired output waveforms. Pressing one switch will release the switch previously pressed. When all switches are pressed the DC function is selected. Sine , square, and triangular waveforms are provided, satisfying most application.
DUTY CYCLE : Time symmetry of the output waveforms as well as the TTL pulse output
is controlled by the duty cycle potentiometer.. This unique feature provides the ramp waveforms, variable pulse width and variable duty cycle pulses and skewed sine waves.
DC OFFSET : This is knob with ON/OFF control .A DC OFFSET control is provided to allow
level control provides 20 dB (approx)of attenuation to the output waveforms selected by the function switch.
OUTPUT : Sine ,triangular, square ramp and pulse waveforms are provided up to 20 Vp-p
amplitude mode for display. On pressing this switch amplitude Vp-p mode is selected and when release the button frequency mode id selected.
POWER ON/OFF SWITCH : This switch is used to turn the instrument ON or OFF. MAINS IN : The instrument is powered by connecting a main cord to this 3 pin socket FUSE : This is 250 mA fast blow fuse for protection
Adjust the VOLTAGE controls and CURRENT controls till the desired voltage
and current is indicated on the digital panel meter. A green LED light to indicate O to ON.
Press the DC output switch to ON pressed mode. A green LED will light to
indicate output voltage. The present voltage is now available at the load terminals. Voltage or current can be selected between V/A push switch.
CONSTANT VOLTAGE MODE (CV) : Adjust desired voltage and current in SET mode. Press the SET/ON push switch in pressed mode (ON). In CV mode CV LED should glow.
supply will automatically cross over to the constant voltage output at present voltage limit and output voltage will drop proportionately .In setting the voltage limit ,allowance must be made for high peak voltage which can cause unwanted cross over.
MULTIMETER:
MULTIMETER:
A multimeter is nothing but combination of a volt meter, ammeter and ohm
meter .
So it can measure voltage ,current and resistance. In addition to above parameter can measure capacitance ,frequency, and also
parameter can selected while making measurement. The range of our multimeter as given below :
Direct and alternating voltage from 30 mV..1000V.
BREAD BOARD:
Amplitude= VP-P/2
Time period = No of division in X- axis of one cycle of the signal TIME/DIV FREQUENCY = 1/Time period
FREQ.FROM FG.
PRECAUTION: Handle the CRO ,Function generator, DC regulated power supply, digital multimeter carefully. CONCLUSION :