T-TESTS AND

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Jennifer Kensler
ONE SAMPLE T-TEST
ONE SAMPLE T-TEST
Used to test whether the population mean is
different from a specified value.

Example: Is the mean amount of soda in a 20 oz.
bottle different from 20 oz?


STEP 1: FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESES
The population mean is not equal to a specified value.
H
0
: =
0
H
a
:
0
The population mean is greater than a specified
value.
H
0
: =
0
H
a
: >
0
The population mean is less than a specified value.
H
0
: =
0
H
a
: <
0

STEP 2: CHECK THE ASSUMPTIONS
The sample is random.

The population from which the sample is drawn is
either normal or the sample size is large.
STEPS 3-5
Step 3: Calculate the test statistic:




Where

Step 4: Calculate the p-value based on the
appropriate alternative hypothesis.

Step 5: Write a conclusion.
n s
y
t
/
0

=
( )
1
1
2

=

=
n
y y
s
n
i
i
IRIS EXAMPLE
A researcher would like to know whether the mean
sepal width of a variety of irises is different from 3.5
cm.

The researcher randomly measures the sepal width
of 50 irises.

Step 1: Hypotheses
H
0
: = 3.5 cm

H
a
: 3.5 cm




JMP
Steps 2-4:
JMP Demonstration
Analyze Distribution
Y, Columns: Sepal Width

Test Mean
Specify Hypothesized Mean: 3.5

JMP OUTPUT
Step 5 Conclusion: The sepal width is not
significantly different from 3.5 cm.
TWO SAMPLE T-TEST
TWO SAMPLE T-TEST
Two sample t-tests are used to determine whether
the mean of one group is equal to, larger than or
smaller than the mean of another group.

Example: Is the mean cholesterol of people taking
drug A lower than the mean cholesterol of people
taking drug B?
STEP 1: FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESES
The population means of the two groups are not
equal.
H
0
:
1
=
2
H
a
:
1

2
The population mean of group 1 is greater than the
population mean of group 2.
H
0
:
1
=
2
H
a
:
1
>
2
The population mean of group 1 is less than the
population mean of group 2.
H
0
:
1
=
2
H
a
:
1
<
2


STEP 2: CHECK THE ASSUMPTIONS
The two samples are random and independent.

The populations from which the samples are drawn
are either normal or the sample sizes are large.

The populations have the same standard deviation.

STEPS 3-5
Step 3: Calculate the test statistic




where

Step 4: Calculate the appropriate p-value.
Step 5: Write a Conclusion.
2 1
2 1
1 1
n n
s
y y
t
p
+

=
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
+
+
=
n n
s n s n
s
p
TWO SAMPLE EXAMPLE
A researcher would like to know whether the mean
sepal width of a setosa irises is different from the
mean sepal width of versicolor irises.

Step 1 Hypotheses:
H
0
:
setosa
=
versicolor

H
a
:
setosa

versicolor


JMP
Steps 2-4:
JMP Demonstration:
Analyze Fit Y By X
Y, Response: Sepal Width
X, Factor: Species

JMP OUTPUT
Step 5 Conclusion: There is strong evidence (p-
value < 0.0001) that the mean sepal widths for the
two varieties are different.
PAIRED T-TEST
PAIRED T-TEST
The paired t-test is used to compare the means of
two dependent samples.

Example:
A researcher would like to determine if background
noise causes people to take longer to complete
math problems. The researcher gives 20 subjects
two math tests one with complete silence and one
with background noise and records the time each
subject takes to complete each test.
STEP 1: FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESES
The population mean difference is not equal to zero.
H
0
:
difference
= 0

H
a
:
difference
0

The population mean difference is greater than zero.
H
0
:
difference
= 0

H
a
:
difference
> 0

The population mean difference is less than a zero.
H
0
:
difference
= 0

H
a
:
difference
< 0


STEP 2: CHECK THE ASSUMPTIONS
The sample is random.

The data is matched pairs.

The differences have a normal distribution or the
sample size is large.

STEPS 3-5
n s
d
t
d
/
0
=

Where d bar is the mean of the differences and s
d
is
the standard deviations of the differences.

Step 4: Calculate the p-value.

Step 5: Write a conclusion.
Step 3: Calculate the test Statistic:
PAIRED T-TEST EXAMPLE
A researcher would like to determine whether a
fitness program increases flexibility. The researcher
measures the flexibility (in inches) of 12 randomly
selected participants before and after the fitness
program.

Step 1: Formulate a Hypothesis
H
0
:
After

-

Before
= 0

H
a
:
After

-

Before
> 0



PAIRED T-TEST EXAMPLE
Steps 2-4:
JMP Analysis:
Create a new column of After Before
Analyze Distribution
Y, Columns: After Before

Test Mean
Specify Hypothesized Mean: 0





JMP OUTPUT
Step 5 Conclusion: There is not evidence that the
fitness program increases flexibility.
ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
ONE-WAY ANOVA
ANOVA is used to determine whether three or more
populations have different distributions.
A B C

Medical Treatment
ANOVA STRATEGY
The first step is to use the ANOVA F test to
determine if there are any significant differences
among means.
If the ANOVA F test shows that the means are not
all the same, then follow up tests can be performed to
see which pairs of means differ.


ONE-WAY ANOVA MODEL
i
ij
i
ij
ij i ij
n j
r i
N
y
y
, , 1
, , 1
) , 0 ( ~
group ith the of mean the is
level factor ith on the jth trial the of response the is
Where
2

=
=
+ =
o c

c
In other words, for each group the observed value
is the group mean plus some random variation.
ONE-WAY ANOVA HYPOTHESIS
Step 1: We test whether there is a difference in the
means.

equal. all not are The :
:
2 1 0
i a
r
H
H

= = =
STEP 2: CHECK ANOVA ASSUMPTIONS
The samples are random and independent of each
other.
The populations are normally distributed.
The populations all have the same variance.




The ANOVA F test is robust to the assumptions of
normality and equal variances.
STEP 3: ANOVA F TEST
Compare the variation within the samples to the
variation between the samples.
A B C A B C

Medical Treatment
ANOVA TEST STATISTIC
MSE
MSG
Groups within Variation
Groups between Variation
F = =
Variation within groups small
compared with variation
between groups
Large F
Variation within groups large
compared with variation
between groups Small F
MSG
1 - r
) ( n ) ( n ) ( n

1 - r
SSG
MSG
2
1 r
2
2 2
2
1 1
+ + +
=
=
y y y y y y
The mean square for groups, MSG, measures the
variability of the sample averages.
SSG stands for sums of squares groups.
MSE
1
) (
s
Where
r - n
1)s - (n 1)s - (n 1)s - (n
r - n
SSE
MSE
1
i
2
r r
2
2 2
2
1 1

=
+ + +
=
=

=

i
n
j
i ij
n
y y
i

Mean square error, MSE, measures the variability

within the groups.
SSE stands for sums of squares error.
STEPS 4-5
Step 4: Calculate the p-value.

Step 5: Write a conclusion.
ANOVA EXAMPLE
A researcher would like to determine if three drugs
provide the same relief from pain.
60 patients are randomly assigned to a treatment
(20 people in each treatment).

Step 1: Formulate the Hypotheses
H
0
:
Drug

A
=
Drug B
=
Drug C

H
a
: The
i
are not all equal.


STEPS 2-4
JMP demonstration
Analyze Fit Y By X
Y, Response: Pain
X, Factor: Drug



EXAMPLE 1: JMP OUTPUT AND CONCLUSION
Step 5 Conclusion: There is strong evidence
that the drugs are not all the same.
FOLLOW-UP TEST
The p-value of the overall F test indicates that level
of pain is not the same for patients taking drugs A,
B and C.
We would like to know which pairs of treatments
are different.
One method is to use Tukeys HSD (honestly
significant differences).

TUKEY TESTS
Tukeys test simultaneously tests






JMP demonstration
Oneway Analysis of Pain By Drug
Compare Means All Pairs, Tukey HSD
' a
' 0
: H
: H
i i
i i


=
=
for all pairs of factor levels. Tukeys HSD controls
the overall type I error.

JMP OUTPUT

The JMP output shows that drugs A and C are
significantly different.
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE (ANCOVA)
Covariates are variables that may affect the
response but cannot be controlled.
Covariates are not of primary interest to the
researcher.
We will look at an example with two covariates, the
model is

ij i ij
y c + + = covariates
ANCOVA EXAMPLE
Consider the previous example where we tested
whether the patients receiving different drugs
reported different levels of pain. Perhaps age and
gender may influence the efficacy of the drug. We
can use age and gender as covariates.

JMP demonstration
Analyze Fit Model
Y: Pain
Add: Drug
Age
Gender
JMP OUTPUT
CONCLUSION
The one sample t-test allows us to test whether the
mean of a group is equal to a specified value.

The two sample t-test and paired t-test allows us to
determine if the means of two groups are different.

ANOVA and ANCOVA methods allow us to
determine whether the means of several groups are
statistically different.


SAS AND SPSS
For information about using SAS and SPSS to do
ANOVA:

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/topics/anova.htm
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/topics/anova.htm

REFERENCES
Fishers Irises Data (used in one sample and two
sample t-test examples).

Flexibility data (paired t-test example):
Michael Sullivan III. Statistics Informed Decisions
Using Data. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson Education, 2004: 602.