DDPS 1713 Physics CHAPTER 4

Chapter 1 - 1

WORK, ENERGY, MOMENTUM & POWER

4.1 4.2 Definition of work, work energy theorem. Potential energies, kinetic energies, law of conservation of total mechanical energy Impulse, Momentum, impulse-momentum theorem, Conservation of linear momentum, elastic and inelastic collisions

4.3
4.4

Chapter 1 - 2

WORK
Work is done when a force produces motion. An engine pulling a train does work; so does a crane when it raises a load against the pull of gravity. Work is said to be done when the point of application of a force moves and is measured by the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force or its displacement.

Work force displacement W Fs

Unit: Joule (J) = Newton x meter = Nm.

Fx F cos

W Fs cos
Chapter 1 - 3

POWER
Power is the rate at which work is done. If the amount of work, W is done in time interval t, the average power, P is defined as

W P t

The work done on an object contributes to increasing the energy of the object. A more general definition of power is the rate of energy transfer. We find from equation W = F x s , therefore equation can be written as Fxs P Fx v t Unit : Joules per second (J/s), also called a watt (W) 1W = 1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3
Chapter 1 - 4

ENERGY

In mechanics, there are two types of energy : Kinetic Energy (KE) Potential Energy (PE)

Chapter 1 - 5

KINETIC ENERGY (KE)

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion - whether it is vertical or horizontal motion - has kinetic energy. There are many forms of kinetic energy vibrational (the energy due to vibrational motion), rotational (the energy due to rotational motion), and translational (the energy due to motion from one location to another). Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity

Chapter 1 - 6

KINETIC ENERGY (KE)

Chapter 1 - 7

Example
A 145-g baseball is thrown so that it acquires a speed of 25 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy? (b) What is the net work done on the ball to make it reach this speed, if it started from rest?

Chapter 1 - 8

POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is the energy of an object or a system due to the position of the body or the arrangement of the particles of the system. The SI unit for measuring work and energy is the joule, J.

Chapter 1 - 9

Example

Chapter 1 - 10

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy is called mechanical energy (E). The principle of conservation of energy states that the sum of kinetic and potential energies of a system is always constant

E = KE+ PE

Chapter 1 - 11

Problem
A simple example of conservation of mechanical energy is a falling ball. Consider a 0.6-kg ball falling from a height of 20 m. As the ball falls, the increase in kinetic energy means a decrease in potential energy but the total energy (mechanical energy) remains the same. Height (m) 20 15 10 5 0 117.72 ( E )f
Chapter 1 - 12

PE = mgh (J) 117.72 88.29

KE = 1 2 mv2 (J) 0 29.43

PE + KE (J) 117.72 ( E )i 117.72

Problem

Chapter 1 - 13

Example

Chapter 1 - 14

Chapter 1 - 15

MOMENTUM

Chapter 1 - 16

MOMENTUM

Chapter 1 - 17

IMPULSE

Chapter 1 - 18

COLLISIONS

Chapter 1 - 19

Problem

Chapter 1 - 20

Elastic Collision
Besides having momentum, moving objects have kinetic energy (KE). In a collision, kinetic energy is generally not constant because some of it is converted to heat, sound and into internal elastic potential energy when the objects are deformed. Therefore the kinetic energy, before and after collision is not the same. In ideal condition collision, it is assumed that: KEbefore = KEafter This type of collision is called elastic collision. During collision both objects are deformed by the impulsive force acting on them. After collision the objects return to their original forms. Elastic collisions must satisfy two conservation principles: the principle of conservation linear momentum the principle of conservation of kinetic energy

Chapter 1 - 21

Inelastic Collisions
Inelastic collisions are those in which only the linear momentum is conserved while the kinetic energy before and after the collisions are not constant. KEbefore = KEafter If the colliding objects stick together after the collision and move as single mass, the collision is perfectly inelastic collision

Chapter 1 - 22

Problem

A 3-kg object that is moving at 8 m/s to the left strikes another object of mass 8 kg that is moving to the right with a speed of 10 m/s. The two objects stick together after the collision to form a single unit and moves with velocity v. Find: Draw the diagram before and after strikes. The magnitude and direction of velocity v? The kinetic energy loss in the collision?

Chapter 1 - 23

Chapter 1 - 24

Explosion
Momentum is conserved in explosion in an isolated system where no external forces act. Momentum before the explosion is the same as that after it. Give some other examples which use the idea of 'recoil', e.g.: firing a cannon ball firing a bullet from a rifle pushing a boat away from a bank.

Chapter 1 - 25

Problem
A man fires a rifle which has mass of 2.5 kg. If the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it reaches a velocity of 250 m/s after shooting, what is the recoil velocity of the pistol?

Chapter 1 - 26