Information Management

in the Age of Cloud computing Disruptive Innovations Perspective

The Presentation

The Cloud
Disruptive Innovations Problem Objectives Method Analysis & Results : Possible solutions Future: Planning & Implementation Conclusion

Problem

o o

An exploratory study To understand the Potential of present opportunity of Change Dynamics in ICT, here CC, for Information and knowledge Management particularly for Library and Information Professionals.

Objectives

To ascertain whether Professionals have begun seriously consider the changes C.C brings

Impact of C.C on Traditional services of Library & Information management visa-vis cost, speed etc

Method

The study

is based on the literature available and

scanned by the author on the theme primarily from Emerald and Elsevier databases etc and some

empirical study during my interaction with certain tools.

The results are summed up to make my case about

the future of the cloud in IM and KM based on the

premise of Disruptive innovation Theory

The Cloud

Fuzzy,

Distant,

Diffuse

and

Immense

Environment where Remote

or

Arrangement Relies for on

institution Hosting

major

Automation Component.

The Cloud

Marketing Term more than Technical One Highly Clustered and Distributed performance

Computing Tasks Across Many Devices

to Maximize Performance with High tolerance for the Future of Individual Components

Desk to Cloud
Cloud computing

Grid computing

Client-server

Personal Stand alone

Cloud Computing
History : Most prominent 2007
Definitions: Authors differ

Some Technical

Some Simple

Cloud Computing

[. . .] a model for enabling convenient, on demand network access to a shared pool

of configurable computing resources (e.g. network, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned

and released with minimal management effort or service provider

interaction
(Han, 2010)

A Style of computing in which massively Scalable and Elastic IT enable Capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using Internet technologies
(Gartner Group)

Others

Any server usage or software application you can access outside of your local server (Wolf, 2010)

An emerging architecture by which data and applications reside in cyberspace, allowing users to access them through any web-connected device (Murley, 2009)

The simplest and shortest definition a new technology model for IT services
(Goldner, 2011)

Argue !
Let us argue from the definitions and types:

It is not technology that is important but opportunities it

affords for
Efficiency, Savings, Cooperation & Collaboration.

Example

Layers (3#4)

(1) Software as a service (SaaS), Application as a service (AaaS) (2) Hardware as a Service (HaaS) or Platform as a Service (PaaS),

&/or

and

(3) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

The Cloud: features

o

Abstract technology platform

(Generalized Access to Remote Resources rather Local and Discrete servers)

Utility model of computing

(Fees Charged of Use rather Capital investment In Hardware or Software Licenses)

Computing on Demand rather Resources allocated on Need Elastic Quality & Power of Computing Resources
(INCREASE @ Peak use LOWER on Scale down)

The Cloud: Future

Separate Hype From Substance:
o

Ubiquitous Internet means uninterrupted access to data/application Library s media Collection, movies and video streams on your personal storage

Reshapes the way organization handle computing needs

continue

The Cloud: Future

o Age of The CLOUD - Not quite arrived obstacles remain
o Internet Commercially not become sufficiently pervasive or cheap o Supplements rather Replaces locally installed Software o On small Scale done but Great deal depend upon Planning more exclusively

Disruptive Innovation

*A term coined by Clayton Christensen *A process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the Bottom of a market and then relentlessly Moves up market, eventually displacing Established Competitors.

Disruptive Innovation

An innovation (ie disruptive) allows a whole new

population of consumers at the bottom of a market

access to a product or service that was historically only

accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill.

Disruptive Power
(from Telegraphy to Telephone)

Technologies (of radical nature) often looked upon initially, with cynicism or dismissed - as useless inventions.

William Orton : (the president of Western Union.) Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention as an electric toy when his company declined inventors patent for US $ 100.000
The telephone eventually killed Telegraph and led to demise of Western Union

Disruptive Power (Social Networking)

Only a few yrs ago online social networking was regarded as a diversion for young Adults & is now a part of Retail Companies Strategic and critical component of

organizations larger Marketing Efforts

Online social Network was further catapulted into mass fame (2011) following Arab uprisings (resulted) Dictatorial regimes. fall of

Example

DISRUPTOR Cell phone P. Cs

Cloud

DISRUPTEE Landline Mainframe

Client- server

Disruptive innovation: Types

New Market Disruption: Customers prevented due to

cost/complexity issues Example: Canons photocopier; printers etc

Low End Disution: Affects low end of the original business,

Not create new market they attract least attractive customers: Example: Cheap Airlines in USA, India

Hybrid: Both above .

Example: American Southwest Airlines

Cloud Computing: Disruptive Innovation Attribute

Potential to

destabilize ICT Markets relying on providing

Traditional on premises ICT Solutions.

Create other Business opportunities that didnt exist before consuming ICT ,both soft and Hard

The penetration of the cloud and Social Networking into IM lend support to this theory

The theory also suggests that it initially have performance problems---characteristics of DI. (loss of service by S. Networks etc)

Library & Information Management: Analysis Status: What is happening?

Possible solutions:

o
o o

Data
Library services Digital library

o
o

Information services
Web services

OCLC survey

(March 2011)

*Sample: 300 librarians out of 2700

5% have started CC (AmazonEC2; VMWare; Vcloud Express) 13% use CC as Stage and Backup (Dropboxetc)

55% used CC Applications ( with leaders being Google Docs,

Google Calendar & Gmail)

66% using C based sharing Applications with leader being

Facebook; Twitter, Flicker and You tube.

19% had created Library related Applications' using Cloud service

Possible solutions: Data Silos?

Silos are generally associated with large chambers

for storage and preservation of Grain keeping it free from spoilage by isolating from potential interference from external bodies.

On similar pattern, organizations have created

Data silos

Many Eyes
Allows to upload data, enables to create visualizations for sharing / embedding.

Google Docs
Used to make data publicly available

Yahoo Pipes
Helps to create mashups through GUI

Twapper Keeper
Service to create archives of Twitter- comments of a particular weightage. (http://twapperkeeper.com)

Webometric Analyst
Application of APIs to create network diagrams----in webometrics

NodeXL
A virtualization &Networking tool/template in EXCEL 2007/10

Possible Solutions
o

Departmental Computing vs. Cloud Model (DC offers several advantages: responsibility and highest cost, personnel whereas Many factors Go in favor of CC)

Hosting Option Choices Many (Remote website Hosting; Server collocation; Dedicated server hosting ; Virtual Server Hosting-less Expensive

Possible Solutions (Iaas)

o

Infrastructure-as- a- Service(IaaS)

( TO

MOVE IN REALM OF the Cloud ACTUALLY)

More Legtimately considered as CC,

As an abstract approach to gaining the right level of capacity for an organizational infrastructure;

Subscribes to computing and storage

Capabilities on need basis, Elastic characteristics . Example: EC2

Possible Solutions (Iaas)

o

Data Storage in the Cloud Data Devices incredibly inexpensive and flexible.(USB Disk drives, Flash Drives) But Misplaced and inherently insecure. A Major Component of IaaS Example: Amazons: S3

Possible Solutions (Storage)

PERSONAL PORTABLE STORAGE Offer modest space @ Little or NO COST SERVICES:

Dropbox (http://www.dropbox.com) Free 2GB

Wind Live SkyDrive (http://explore.live.com/windowslive-skydrive) Free 25GB

Possible Solutions (Storage)

o

Amazon Cloud Drive (http://www.amazon.com/clouddrive/learnmore) Free 5GB

Box.net (http://box.net) business oriented offer 5GB Adrive (http://www.adrive.com) 5o GB free

Possible solutions (SaaS)

Software-as-a- Service(SaaS) (Access to software Applications over the web rather than using individual instances on local workstation)

Multitenant Architecture (involves ability for a single instance of the Application shareable among many simultaneously)

Possible solutions (SaaS)

Recent Products Designed and Deployed (through SaaS NEW Generation Library Automation Products include : Primo Central & Alma from Ex Libris

Many & Most popular Productivity and Communication Applications (personal or Business use): Gmail and Google Docs.

Possible solutions - ASP

Application Service Provider (asp) Not Recent (1990) Traditional Model (Client Server) Server Installed In Library/Organisation

ASP Client Server Same - server Reside In Data Centre/Client Access Server Through Internet

Possible solutions - ASP

Provides Many Characteristics For Legacy Applicationsnot Specifically developed for Multitenant Access
LIBRARY PERSPECTIVE ---MOST APPILICATION BENEFITS OF SaaS

Provider Perspective more effort than SaaS One Instance VS All Organisational Users Subset of SaaS

Possible Solutions: Platform as a service

PaaS Offers a complete technology stack (including Support for programming.

Language/appilication programming interfcae; Database functionality; Data store

Platform as a service (Examples)

Google Appilication Engine (http://code.Google.com/appengine) supportsprogramming languages such as jav,python,Go

Amazon Web Service(http://aws.amazon.com)---a complex set of products Spanning g both Iaas /PaaS

Force.com (http://www.forcr.com) is an underlying platform for Salesforce.com

Possible Solutions: Platform as a service

o

Bungee Connect (http://www.bungee.com) a platform for development of Cloud based Applications.

Heronku (http:// www.heronku.com) is a PaaS for the Ruby Programming Language. Others: Many Library developers have written Utilities &Extensions making use of OCLCs WorldShare platform as a Development platform

Planning for the future

AN INEVITABLE FUTURE?

Technology Budgets services

drift towards subscription Based

Hence libraries Need to PLAN 4 the changes Associted with Major Shift

Swithching to an ILS delivered through SaaS Need More PLANNING Compared to Free Use of Services such as: Dropbox Or Google Apps

Planning for the future

REBALANCE BUDGETS FOR TECHNOLOGY

Consider costs (Best value offer local vs. cloud) Negotiate service level Agreements (Guarantees with services) ?

Recognize cloud computing implications for internet Bandwidth

Planning for the future

SHIFT TO LIBRARY AUTOMATION (make Major Investment in Core Automation Systems to manage operations and provide access to collection/Services) CONSIDER ASP offerings: SirsiDynix- Largest Library Automation vendors Globally (In 2011 it reports 700 of its customers deploy either Horizon or Symphony through SaaS.

Planning for the future

CONSIDER ASP OFFERINGS

EX-libris(www.exlibrisgroup.com)

Alma (http://www.exlibrisgroup.com/categor/Almaoverview)(ExLibris Next Generation Library AutomationPlatform (2012)) Biblionix(http://www.biblionix.com) provides product called apollo to small public libraries through SaaS

Planning for the future

CONSIDER ASP OFFERINGS
Bibliocommons ( http://www.bibliocommons.com) --A new Generation Catalogue Interface for public libraries Basd on Social Networking Conceptsdeliverd through (SaaS)

Open Sorce Automation Systems (use IaaS/SaaS) LibLime Academic Koha using Amazon EC2

Planning for the future

CONSIDER MULTITENNANT SaaS
Libray Automation Products that Embrace More modern understanding of Saas ie Beyond vendor hosting of Traditional software Serials solutions (http://www.serialssolutions.com)offers products related to Management of and Access to Electronic resources

Planning for the future

REPOSITORIES MOVE TO CLOUD Libraries can implement I.R/D.C/ D.preservation activities through the Cloud.
o

Merge of Dspace and Fedora Commons ie Common Governance Duraspace(http:// www.duraspace.org) DuraCloud (http://duracloud.org)(2011(pilot2009) to deliver flexble service for Storage, Long term preservation & Access in Digital repositories

Planning for the future

iOCLC EMBRACES CLOUD From World Cat to World share Management Services

World share Management Services fits in Several Aspects of Cloud computing.

Operates in Computing Infrastructure it owns/maintains. More than 2o Libraries use by 2011

Planning for the future: implementation

Determine the cost of library automation in the cloud Problem: Absence of price List for Software/Related services Some Factors: i) User Population ii) No of Personnel operating the Software; iii) Size of Collection iv) Modules /options selected.

Planning for the future: implementation

Leverage the cloud for supplemental storage; (big data terabytes, petabytes,May be exabytes,zetta,yettabytes
use Google apps use cloud based e_mail on a large scale power a static website (use S3) power your dynamic website (use amazon EC2)

More:Research Use

Ex Libriss bX combines usage data from millions of researchers to create a scholarly recommender service. Ex Libris soon plans to offer Hot Articles, a free service employing bX data that shows what articles are trending in a particular subject.

http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2012/03/software/the-library-cloud-pros-and-cons/

More:Catalogue Application

CATALOGUE USE

Mobile phone apps can add value to cloud-based library data.

OCLCs WorldCat mobile site aims to direct patrons to the closest library owning a certain book by mashing-up data from WorldCat holdings, library locations, and user locations.

More:Stacks Mapping
LIBRARY USE Stack Map shelf-mapping software is a new service that allows libraries

to show users a map of the books physical location in the library based
on a pre-recorded call number range. Unlike radio-frequency

identification (RFID) chips, which potentially allow for real-time search of a book via location tracking, this service is less dynamic but nonetheless useful.

Further:Web Collaboration
Web collaboration is only partially enabled by the underlying concept of cloud computing.

Modern information and communication technology (ICT) enables

collaboration to take place on a virtual dimension, regardless of time and location thereby creating the virtual organization in which a group of persons are able to share and access available resources regardless of location (Fong, 2005).

Examples of Cloud Services in Web collaboration

WIKIS

Wikis is one such service that exemplifies a Web tool or service enabling collaborative work and cloud computing.

Collaborative Website Development

A tool for collaborative website development is Google Sites. Google Sites (http://sites.google.com) is a content

management system that includes wiki-like features.

Google Sites is a Web-based page-creation tool [with]

buttons for formatting text, creating links, including images several different layouts from which you can choose

Google Sites serves an example of a service for hosting

websites outside of the library's servers, and allowing for multiple editors to access the site from varied locations.

Collaborative Web Documents

Librarians can collaborate using the Web to work on online documents. This can be done through the use of Web services that permit online document collaboration and sharing. Google Docs includes traditional business programs (word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation software) used through a browser that connects to the data on Google's machines (Hosch, 2009). Google Docs is also described as a Web-based Document Management System for storage and management of a company's documents, such as word processing documents, presentations, and spreadsheets.

Collaborative Customizable Search Engines

Today, search engines are considered the primary tools for the most important web services in cyberspace (Chuang and Wu, 2007).

This may be changing due to the new ideas of social search and social media search (Bradley, 2008; Scale, 2008), and

librarians have the opportunity to improve search engine

retrieval for better results.

continue
This is possible with tools for building customized search engines like Google Custom Search Engine (GCSE). GCSE allows the builder to focus on selecting valuable content and tuning the ranking criteria, while Google does all the heavy lifting of crawling, indexing, ranking, and displaying results (Enge and Biundo, 2008). With Google doing the technical work, librarians can do what they are best at, the selection of quality content for the GCSE to index. Thus reference librarians and digital bibliographers can crank out their bookmarks and favorites and convert them into focused search engines.

Others include :

Blogs,
Social networking sites, and Social bookmarking sites.

Pros/Cons
SECURITY ISSUES
Neutral compared with Local Systems (same tools/ techniques for ensuring Security)
o

provider lacks responsibility 4 software /Operating Sytem

Libraries Have Responsibility to Safeguard the privacy of Data May follow Standard practices like SSL (Secure Socket layer) for any log-in

Pros/Cons
Reliability Issues

Cloud Based services offer Higher levels of Reliability than

Organizations themselves

Large Sclae Providers (Amazon,Google & Rackspace base their services on Architecture to withstand failures

Pros/Cons
Large Scale Data
o Library is a growing Organism (Hence increasing Data)

Hold Large Terabytes/Petabytes of Content (SaaS) (S3) (vedio, scientific data,c ollections,d igitized Books, MSS)
BUT Cost Advantages between Local/Cloud Change dramatically (Exceeds to purchase Cost ?) TIME/COST OF BANDWITH; Hence presently Less viable for present cost

Pros/Cons
Environmental Issues
The Cloud Results in through:
o

Reduced

Environmental impact

Reduced amounts of energy consumed relative to use of Discrete Equipment

Hundreds of Servers in an institution/ localities-Increase

daily

Pros/Cons
Version control

Locally: A Major Challenge

SaaS shifts the Burden from Local LIBRARY

to

Vendor

Pros/Cons
Flexible Environment For Library Developers CC provides Many Benefits: Avoid Maintenance of Local Computers for Development (procurement to maintenance like:
Replacement; Overheads; Time investment; Server purchase and set up. (IaaS EC2 can be done in minutes). Quite Expensive Service. for Projects within Threshold of Free

Conclusion
I.M/KM is entering a new era making significant

contribution to knowledge generation, creation and management helped by new thinking, tools and

Disruptive innovations web 2.0 and cloud computing Past technologies and approaches often proved expensive

to implement and difficult o use

The new approach is expected to herald a new knowledge and information rich world.

FEEDBACK

THANKS
smshafi@kashmiruniversity.ac.in +91 9419008599