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CONTROLLING

CONTROLLING
Use of a formal authority

to assure the achievement of goals and objectives;

involves assisting,
monitoring, and evaluating individual and group performance.

Functions of Control
serves both as a means and

an end;
promotes effective use of

resources,
provides professional

reinforcements and

maintain activity and


expectations

Principles of Controlling

Critical Few fewer people


involved in control brings about best results

Point of Control centralization and decentralization of authority

Self-Control or Discipline translate to personal acceptance of responsibility and accountability

Kinds of Formal Control

Pre-Action Control controlling


by means of personal supervision and utilizing control checks consisting of procedures for any

given task or function

Post-Action Control controlling as the task or function is being performed or may have been performed and correcting deviations from standards or plans

Types of Control
Feedforward Controls

focus on operations before they begin; goal is to prevent anticipated problems

Feedback Controls focus on the result of operations; guide future planning, inputs, and process designs

Must be designed appropriately to be

effective
When control standards are inflexible or

unrealistic, employees cannot focus on the organizations goal


Must prevent, not cause, the problems they

were designed to detect

Control all the levels in the health care delivery

system
Acceptability of those who will enforce decisions Flexibility of the enforcers and implementers to

enforce decisions based on practical situations


Accuracy

Timeless
Cost effectiveness Understandability Balance between objectivity and

subjectivity
Coordinated with planning, organizing and

leading

Steps in the Control Process

1.Establish and specify criteria and performance standards

o Serves as the criteria against which performance is

measured, and give an idea of the level of performance that managers can expect of a person

a.

Standards any guideline established as

the basis for measurement

b.

Resource Controls

o
o

Time control deadline and time constraints


Material control inventory and material-

yield controls

o Equipment controls built into machinery,

imposed on operator to protect the equipment or the process


o Cost controls ensure cost standards are met o Employee performance controls actions

and behaviors of individuals or groups of employees

c.

Financial Controls facilitate

achieving the organizations profit motive; budget allocate resource consumption d. Operations Control assess how

efficiently and effectively an organizations transformation process create good and services

e.

Statistical Process Control use of statistical

mathematical methods and procedures to determine whether production operations are being performed correctly, to detect any deviations, and to find and eliminate their causes f. The Just-in-Time (JIT) System timely

application of medical for the illness of a patient, and purchased materials just in time to be transformed into parts

Technique for Monitoring and Measuring Service: a. Nursing Rounds pay particular attention to issues of patient care and nursing practice b. Quality and Assurance monitor compliance with established standards c. Nursing Audit consist of documentation of the quality of nursing care in relation to standards

a.

Evaluation task are being carried out as

planned b. Comparing results with standards

determines variation

a.

Program Evaluation and Review

Technique (PPERT) matrix that uses network of activities represented in a chart b. Benchmarking seeks out the best so as to

improve performance

a.

Correction of Deviations or errors may be made

by modifying the plan

b.

Master Control Plan used by managers depicting

its functions, goals and objectives to be accomplished and its specific activities to ensure quality performance c. Take necessary action find the cause of deviation

from standard; take action to remove or minimize the cause

1. He control process is the cynical which means it

is never finished
2. Controlling often leads to management

expecting employee behavior to change


3. Control is both anticipatory and retrospective

4.

Ideally, each person is the health care

delivery views control as his or her responsibility

5.

Controlling builds on planning,

organizing and dealing

1. Market control relies on budgets and rules 2. Bureaucratic control 3. Clan control 4. Self-control

Performance appraisal method acquiring

and processing information needed to improve


individuals performance and accomplishments

1. Trait rating Scale method of rating a person against a set standard 2. Job Dimension Space focuses on job

requirements and quality of work performance


3. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale

(BARS) focuses on desired behaviors to improve


performance

4.

Checklist composed of behavioral

statements that represent desirable behavior

5.

Peer review collegial evaluation of the

performance done to promote excellence in

practice
6. Self- Appraisal allows employee to

evaluate his own performance

1.

Halo effect tendency to overrate staff

based on the raters first impression of the rate 2. Logical Error based on first impression

of the rater to the rate 3. Central Tendency Error rates the staff as

average

4.

Leniency Error propensity to overlook the

weaknesses and mistakes of the person being

evaluated leading to an inaccurate picture of the job


performance

5.

Hawthorne Effect behavior of the rate to

changes simply because he is observed by the rater

6.

Horns effect occurs when rating the

employee very low because of an error committed

o Standards pre-determined level of excellence that

serves as a guide to practice


Types of Standards 1. Structure Standards standards that focus on the structure or management system used by an agency to organize and deliver nursing care, including the

number and categories of nursing personnel who


provide that care

2.

Process standards standards that refer to

actual nursing care procedure or those activities

engaged in by nurses to administer care

3.

Outcome Standards standards that are

designed for measuring the results of nursing

care

1. win

Game Playing control is something beaten,

a game between the boss and me and I want to

2.

Resisting Control passive aggression or

negative reaction to too much control

3.

Proving Inaccurate information lack of

understanding of why the information is needed and important

4.

Following rules to the Letter people

following dumb and unprofitable rules in reaction to do as I say

5.

Sabotaging stealing, discrediting other

workers, chasing customers away, gossiping about the firm to the people in the community 6. Playing one Manager Off against

Another exploiting lack of communication among managers, asking a second manager if dont like the answer from the first manager

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