OSI Physical Layer Components

Digital and Data Communications

Data Communication Link

DTE
RS -232C

DCE

DCE

DTE

RS -232C

Transmission Medium

UART Uses

PC serial port is a UART!

Serializes data to be sent over serial cable De-serializes received data

Serial Port

Serial Cable

Serial Port

Serial Cable

Device

UART Uses

Communication between distant computers

Serializes data to be sent to modem De-serializes data received from modem

Phone Line Phone Line Serial Cable

Serial Cable

Modem

Modem

Options Found in UARTs

Character Type Option for an 8-bit bus

No. of Stop bits required

Use of parity type Use of diff. data rates

ACIA

Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter by Motorola

UNITS of COMMUNICATION LINK

UART Transmitter side needs 8 data bus lines for a 8-bit parallel data to be converted into a serial data stream. Idle line one/marking state Some are onboard Example ACIA by Motorola

UART Transmission Example

Send the ASCII letter W (1010111)

Line idling Start bit
Parity bit
(odd parity)

Stop bit

Mark 1 Space 7 data bits Least significant bit first 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Line idling again

MC6850 Pin Assignment

CPU Pin Data Bus (D0-D7) Control Bus (R/W, E, CS) Address (RS, CS) Other: IRQ EIA-232 Pin Data (Rx, Tx) Control (RTX, CTS, DCD) Baud Clock (Rx CLK, Tx CLK)

ACIA Register Contents

ACIA Control Register (8-bit)

7 RX IR

6 __ RTS

5 TX IR

4 WORD SIZE

1 COUNTER DIVIDE

STOP & PARITY

ACIA Control Register (8-bit)

UART Receiver
Use of Divide ratio In half of the bit period where a start bit can be verified Use of shift register Clock Skew

UART Status Register

7
__ IRQ

6
PE

5
OVRN

4
FE

3
__ CTS

2
__ DCD

1
TDRE

0
RDRF

Checking UART Performance

Use of Status Register Use of TDRE From buffer register to the shift-register Use of RDRF From shift-register to the buffer register Use of OVRN failure to read the data from the buffer register

Checking UART Performance

Use of Parity Error Use of Framing Error Use of IRQ 2 conditions when IR functions at the Control register

TDRE or RDRF is high a received error has occurred

RS-232C Specifications

Most common by EIA

Uses a D-type 25 pin connector uses voltage levels of +3 to +25 V (SPACE, data 0, on, green) and -3 to -25 V (MARK, data 1, off, red)

RS-232C Specifications

Cable impedance

330 min Tx 7000 max - Rx

Line Capacitance -2500 pf 50 pf/ foot limited to 100kb/s Ideal for short distance less than 50ft

RS-232C

Since the link only uses about 7 wires, DB-9 connectors are frequently used now for serial links,

Handshaking Lines

DTE uses a signal called RTS on pin 4, while DCE uses a signal called CTS on pin 5. Data is transmitted from DTE to DCE on pin 2, and from DCE to DTE on pin 3.

NULL Modem
DTE 1 DTE 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3

4
5 6 7 8 20

20

RS-449

Uses D-type connectors

37-pin 9-pin

2 Mbps transfer rate Max length -200 feet w/ loop-back feature

RS-422

balanced electrical interface

implemented using a D-type connector with 37 pins RS-449 specifications logic 1 (Mark) is represented by the A output being more negative than the B output. logic 0 (Space) is represented by the A output being more positive than the B output.

RS-423

unbalanced electrical interface

implemented using a D-type connector with 37 pins RS-449 specifications

low speed communications generally operate at +/- 6 VDC and are compatible with RS-232 devices

RS-423

very sensitive, capable of detecting Mark/Space states at +/- 0.4 VDC

has separate Signal Grounds for transmitters and receivers A binary one (Mark) is represented by a Negative voltage level and a binary zero (Space) is represented by a Positive voltage level.

ASSIGN:

USB interface standards How to interface a PC to PC using USB port?