Lect12 f03

Physics 1304: Lecture 12, Pg 1
The Laws of Biot-Savart & Ampere

dl
I
Overview of Lecture
Fundamental Law for Calculating Magnetic Field
Biot-Savart Law (brute force)
Amperes Law (high symmetry)
Example: Calculate Magnetic Field of Straight Wire
from Biot-Savart Law
from Amperes Law
Calculate Force on Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors

Text Reference: Chapter 30.1-4
Calculation of Electric Field
"Brute force"
"High symmetry"

Two ways to calculate the Electric Field:
Coulomb's Law:
Gauss' Law
What are the analogous equations for the Magnetic Field?
Calculation of Magnetic Field
"High symmetry"
"Brute force"

I

Two ways to calculate the Magnetic Field:
Biot-Savart Law:
Ampere's Law
These are the analogous equations for the Magnetic Field!
Biot-Savart Lawbits and pieces
I
dl
dB
X
r
u
So, the magnetic field circulates around the wire
Magnetic Field of
Straight Wire
Calculate field at point P using
Biot-Savart Law:
Rewrite in terms of R,u:
x
R
r
u
P
I
dx

Which way is B?
Magnetic Field of
Straight Wire

x
R
r
u
P
I
dx
Lecture 14, ACT 1
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field at
the center of a loop of radius R, carrying current
I?

(a) B = 0

(b) B = (
0
I)/(2R)

(c) B = (
0
I)/(2tR)
R
I
Lecture 14, ACT 1
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of a loop
of radius R, carrying current I?

(a) B = 0

(b) B = (
0
I)/(2R)

(c) B = (
0
I)/(2tR)
To calculate the magnetic field at the center, we must use the Biot-
Savart Law:
Idx
r
Two nice things about calculating B at the center of the loop:
Idx is always perpendicular to r
r is a constant (=R)
R
I
Magnetic Field of
Straight Wire
Calculate field at distance R
from wire using Ampere's Law:
Ampere's Law simplifies the calculation thanks to symmetry of
the current! ( axial/cylindrical )

dl

R
I

Choose loop to be circle of radius R centered on
the wire in a plane to wire.
Why?
Magnitude of B is constant (fcn of R only)
Direction of B is parallel to the path.
Evaluate line integral in Amperes Law:
Current enclosed by path = I
Apply Amperes Law:
Lecture 14, ACT 2
A current I flows in an infinite straight wire
in the +z direction as shown. A concentric
infinite cylinder of radius R carries current
2I in the -z direction.
What is the magnetic field B
x
(a) at point a,
just outside the cylinder as shown?
(a) B
x
(b) < 0 (b) B
x
(b) = 0
(c) B
x
(b) > 0
x
(b) at point b, just inside the
cylinder as shown?
(a) B
x
(a) < 0
(b) B
x
(a) = 0 (c) B
x
(a) > 0
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2I
I
a
b
x
y
Lecture 14, ACT 2
x
(a) at point a, just
outside the cylinder as shown?
This situation has massive cylindrical symmetry!
Applying Amperes Law, we see that the field at point a must just be
the field from an infinite wire with current I flowing in the -z direction!
x
I
B
B
B
B
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
2I
I
a
b
x
y
(a) B
x
(a) < 0
(b) B
x
(a) = 0 (c) B
x
(a) > 0
Lecture 14, ACT 2
Just inside the cylinder, the total current enclosed by the Ampere loop
will be I in the +z direction!
Therefore, the magnetic field at b will just be minus the magnetic field
at a!!
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2I
I
a
b
x
y
x
(a) at point a, just
outside the cylinder as shown?
(a) B
x
(a) < 0
(b) B
x
(a) = 0 (c) B
x
(a) > 0
(a) B
x
(b) < 0 (b) B
x
(b) = 0
(c) B
x
(b) > 0
x
(b) at point b, just inside the cylinder
as shown?
Force on 2 Parallel
Current-Carrying Conductors
Calculate force on length L of wire b due to
field of wire a:
The field at b due to a is given by:
Calculate force on length L of wire a due to field of wire b:
The field at a due to b is given by:

F

F
L
d
I
b
I
a
L
d
I
b
I
a
Force on b =

Force on a =
Lecture 14, ACT 3
A current I flows in the positive y direction
in an infinite wire; a current I also flows in
the loop as shown in the diagram.
What is F
x
, net force on the loop in the x-
direction?
(a) F
x
< 0
(b) F
x
= 0 (c) F
x
> 0
I
I
x
y
Lecture 14, ACT 3
You may have remembered from a previous ACT that the net force on a
current loop in a constant magnetic field is zero.
However, the magnetic field produced by the infinite wire is not a
constant field!!

F
left
F
right
X
The direction of the magnetic field at the current loop is in the -z direction.

F
top
F
bottom
The forces on the top and bottom segments of the loop DO indeed cancel!!

The forces on the left and right segments of the loop DO NOT cancel!!
The left segment of the loop is in a larger magnetic field.
Therefore, F
left
> F
right
I
I
x
y
A current I flows in the positive y direction
in an infinite wire; a current I also flows in
the loop as shown in the diagram.
What is F
x
, net force on the loop in the x-
direction?
(a) F
x
< 0
(b) F
x
= 0 (c) F
x
> 0

Examples of Magnetic Field Calculations
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
r a
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

z
R
R
r
r
dB
dB
z
u
u
Overview of Lecture
Calculate Magnetic Fields
Inside a Long Straight Wire
Infinite Current Sheet
Solenoid
Toroid
Circular Loop
Text Reference: Chapter 30.1-5
Today is Amperes Law Day

"High symmetry"
B dl I - =
}
0

I
Integral around a path
hopefully a simple one
Current enclosed by that path
B Field Inside
a Long Wire
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
a
Suppose a total current I flows through the wire of
radius a into the screen as shown.
Calculate B field as a fcn of r, the distance from
the center of the wire.
B field is only a fcn of r take path to
be circle of radius r:
Current passing through circle:
r
Ampere's Law:

r) B(2 l d B =
}
-

I
a
r
i
2
2
=
i l d B
o
=
}
-

2
0
a
r
2
I
B =
B Field of a
Long Wire
B =
0
I
2 t

r
a
2
x
b1(x);b2(x)
0 4
0
1

x =
y =
Inside the wire: (r < a)
Outside the wire: (r>a)
B =
0
I
2 tr

r
B
a
x
b1(x);b2(x)
0 4
0
1

x =
y =
Lecture 15, ACT 1
Two cylindrical conductors each carry current I into the
screen as shown. The conductor on the left is solid
and has radius R=3a. The conductor on the right has a
hole in the middle and carries current only between
R=a and R=3a.
What is the relation between the magnetic
field at R = 6a for the two cases (L=left,
R=right)?
(a) B
L
(6a) B
R
(6a)
(a) B
L
(2a) B
R
(2a)
What is the relation between the magnetic field at R = 2a for
the two cases (L=left, R=right)?
1B
1A
3a
a
3a
I
I
2a
Lecture 15, ACT 1
R=a and R=3a.
R=right)?
(a) B
L
(6a) B
R
(6a)
1A
3a
a
3a
I
I
2a
Amperes Law can be used to find the field in both cases.
The Amperian loop in each case is a circle of radius R=6a in the plane
of the screen.
The field in each case has cylindrical symmetry, being everywhere
tangent to the circle.
Therefore the field at R=6a depends only on the total current
enclosed!!
In each case, a total current I is enclosed.
Lecture 15, ACT 1
R=a and R=3a.
R=right)?
(a) B
L
(6a) B
R
(6a)
(a) B
L
(2a) B
R
(2a)
What is the relation between the magnetic field at R = 2a for
the two cases (L=left, R=right)?
1B
1A
3a
a
3a
I
I
2a
For the LEFT conductor:
Once again, the field depends only on how much current is enclosed.
For the RIGHT conductor:
I
9
4
I
) 3 (
) 2 (
I
2
2
L
= =
a
a
t
t ( )
( )
I
8
3
I
) 3 (
) 2 (
I
2 2
2 2
R
=
=
a a
a a
t
t
B Field of
Current Sheet
Consider an sheet of current described by n wires/length
each carrying current i into the screen as shown. Calculate
the B field.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
y
What is the direction of the field?
Symmetry y direction!
Calculate using Ampere's law using a square
of side w:

Bw 2 0 Bw 0 Bw l d B = + + + =
}
-

nwi I =

I l d B
0
=
}
-

2
ni
B
0
=
constant constant
B Field of a
Solenoid
A constant magnetic field can (in principle) be produced by an sheet of current. In
practice, however, a constant magnetic field is often produced by a solenoid.
If a << L, the B field is to first order contained within the
solenoid, in the axial direction, and of constant magnitude.
In this limit, we can calculate the field using Ampere's Law.
L
A solenoid is defined by a current I flowing
through a wire which is wrapped n turns per
unit length on a cylinder of radius a and
length L.
a
B Field of a
Solenoid
To calculate the B field of the solenoid using Ampere's Law, we need to justify the
claim that the B field is 0 outside the solenoid.
To do this, view the solenoid from the side
as 2 current sheets.
x
x
x x x

The fields are in the same direction in the
region between the sheets (inside the
solenoid) and cancel outside the sheets
(outside the solenoid).
x
x
x x x

Draw square path of side w:
Bw l d B =
}
-

nwi I =
ni B
0
=
Toroid
Toroid defined by N total turns with
current i.
B=0 outside toroid! (Consider
integrating B on circle outside toroid)
To find B inside, consider circle of radius r, centered at
the center of the toroid.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x

r
B
r) B(2 l d B =
}
-

Ni I =
I l d B
0
=
}
-

r 2
Ni
B
0
= Apply Amperes Law:
Circular Loop
x

z
R
R
Circular loop of radius R carries current i.
Calculate B along the axis of the loop:
Magnitude of dB from element dl:
r
dB
dB =
0
i
4 t

dl
r
2
=
0
i
4 t

dl
z
2
+R
2
r
z
dB
u
u
What is the direction of the field?
Symmetry B in z-direction.
dB
z
=
0
i
4 t

dl
z
2
+R
2
cos u
cos u =
R
z
2
+R
2
B
z
=
0
i
4 t

R
(z
2
+R
2
)
3/2
]
(
dl
Circular Loop
]
(
dl = 2 tR
B
z
=
0
iR
2
2(z
2
+R
2
)
3/2

Note the form the field takes for z>>R:
Expressed in terms of the magnetic moment:
B
z
~
0
iR
2
2z
3

= i tR
2

B
z
~
0
2 t

z
3

note the typical
dipole field
behavior!
B
z
=
0
i
4 t

R
(z
2
+R
2
)
3/2
]
(
dl
x

z
R
R
r
r
dB
dB
z
u
u
Lecture 15, ACT 2
Equal currents I flow in identical circular loops as
shown in the diagram. The loop on the right(left)
carries current in the ccw(cw) direction as seen
looking along the +z direction.
z
(A) at point A,
the midpoint between the two loops?
(a) B
z
(B) < 0 (b) B
z
(B) = 0
(c) B
z
(B) > 0
2B
z
(B) at point B, just to the right of the
right loop?
(a) B
z
(A) < 0
(b) B
z
(A) = 0 (c) B
z
(A) > 0
2A
x
o x
o
z
I I
A B
Lecture 15, ACT 2
z
(A) at point A,
2A
(a) B
z
(A) < 0
(b) B
z
(A) = 0 (c) B
z
(A) > 0
x
o x
o
z
I I
A B
The right current loop gives rise to B
z
<0 at point A.
The left current loop gives rise to B
z
>0 at point A.
From symmetry, the magnitudes of the fields must be equal.
Therefore, B(A) = 0!
Lecture 15, ACT 2
z
(A) at point A,
2A
2B
(a) B
z
(B) < 0 (b) B
z
(B) = 0
(c) B
z
(B) > 0
z
(B) at point B, just to the right of the
right loop?
(a) B
z
(A) < 0
(b) B
z
(A) = 0 (c) B
z
(A) > 0
x
o x
o
z
I I
A B
The signs of the fields from each loop are the same at B as they are at
A!
However, point B is closer to the right loop, so its field wins!
Circular Loop
x
f(x)
0 3
0
1

x =
y =
B
z
=
0
iR
2
2(z
2
+R
2
)
3/2

R
B
z
z
0
0

~
1
z
3

Lect12 f03

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Physics 1304: Lecture 12, Pg 1

The Laws of Biot-Savart & Ampere

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