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Post Lab- Bio 22

Kimberly S. Beltran DB CAS UP Manila

Outline: a. External Anatomy of the Frog b. Integumentary System c. Skeletal System d. Muscular System e. Muscle Physiology f. Nervous System g. Nervous Response

External Anatomy of the Frog

Part
External Nares Upper Eyelid

Function/Description
Paired openings close to the tip of the head (snout) leading to the olfactory organs within Immovable, stout border of the eye

Nictitating membrane Movable translucent lower eyelid

Tympanum
Hump Forelimb

Acts as the eardrum and is found lying below and behind the eye
Rounded protuberance found at the dorsal part which divide back into fore- and a hind part Attached to the narrower side of the forepart and is made up of 3 segments: upper arm/brachium, middle forearm/antebrachium, terminal hand or manus Consist of short wrist or carpus, a palm or matacarpus, and fingers or digits which are only 4

Hand/Manus

Part
Hindlimbs

Function/Description
Attached to the narrow waistline and is made up of 3 segments: an upper, stout thigh, a middle slender shank/crus, and a long foot/pes Consist of a very long ankle/ tarsus, an instep/metatarsus and toes/digits which are 5 in number Use by male frogs to advertise their presence. They are usually thrown into folds called vocal cords Chamber for solid collection while the vent serves as an outlet for feces, urine, eggs or sperm Light colored spot located slightly in front of the eye and is called rudimentary third eye Rudiment of the sixth missing toe Chamber for feces while anus is the posterior opening of a rectum

Foot

Vocal Sacs

Cloaca & Cloacal Vent Browspot Prehallux Rectum & Anus

External Feature
Size

Male
Smaller

Female
Bigger Scattered pigments Not swollen larger Cannot be distinguished

Pigmentation Dark Thumb Tympanum Vocal Sacs Swollen Smaller Seen

Integumentary System
Kimberly S. Beltran DB CAS UP Manila

Amoeba sp. -amorphous

Paramecium sp.

-body is entirely covered with rigid plasma membrane which is also used for locomotion

-body is entirely covered with cilia employed for locomotion, food capture and protection

epidermis

gastrodermis

Grantia sp.

Hydra sp.

-outer epithelium is called pinacoderm which is made up of squamous type cells called pinacocytes -middle layer is made up of gelatinous matrix called mesohyl which containes ameboid cells and skeletal elements -the inner layer is made up of collar cells called choanocytes

-outer layer (epidermis) is made up of cuboidal epithelium . Nematocyst and cnidocytes are the unique structures found in this layer which functions for food gathering, defense, & attachment -middle gelatinous layer is called mesoglea -inner layer (gastrodermis) is made up of large, ciliated , columnar epithelium

Dugesia sp.

-Outer covering is ciliated epidermis which contains rod shape rhabdites and is use to form a protective mucus sheath around the body -Made up of viscid and releaser gland -Dorsal surface is unciliated while the ventral is ciliated

Fasciola sp.

-body covering or tegument is syncitial - The tegument is also provided with various penetration glands to produce cyst material, organs for adhesion like suckers and hooks as well as spines for them to easily attach to their host

Lumbricus sp/Earthworm

- The body is covered by thin, transparent cuticle secreted by the hypodermis. -the cuticle primarily protects the body from physical and chemical injury and contains numerous pores to allow the secretion to pass and is mark by striae causing the surface to appear iridescent

Ascaris sp/Nematode

-Outer body covering is made up of thick, noncellular cuticle secreted by the hypodermis. -The hypodermis is syncytial and are primarily collagen

3- spines; 2- ossicles

Starfish -the skin is ciliated and hard due to the presence of ossicles, spines, spicules & granules which are CaCO3 in composition -the integument is important for protection & locomotion

Arthropods -the hardening of cuticle in the arthropods is due to the presence of chitin, a tough, resistant, nitrogenous polysaccharide -It is essential for protection, prevention of water loss, support and bouyancy. -The chitin is secreted by the hypodermis

Frog Skin -Skin is made up of 2 layers: epidermis and dermis -The epidermis is subdivided into stratum corneum and germinativum while the dermis is made up of stratum spongiosum and compactum -Unique structures found in the frog skin includes the chromatophores, poison and mucus glands which are necessary for protection and respiration

Frog Skin
Epidermal layers Stratum corneum S. germinativum

Human Skin
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum S.germinativum

Dermal layers

S. spongiosum S. compactum

Papillary layer Reticular layer

Glands
Pigments

Poison & mucus

Guanophores/iridophores/ melanophores Poison & mucus glands

Sweat, sebaceous, mammary glands

melanophores

Unique Structures

Hair and other skin derivatives

Skeletal System

Types of Skeleton A. Hydroskeleton-mass of fluid or plastic parenchyma enclosed within a muscular wall to provide supprt necessary for antagonistic muscle action B. Exoskeleton-skeleton secreted by the ectoderm/epidermis C. Endoskeleton- a skeleton within the living tissues of an organism

Hydroskeleton

Exoskeleton

Type
Radiolarians Arthropods Molluscs Shell/testa Cuticle Mantle/shell

Composition
Strontium sulfate/ silica Chitin, CaCO3 CaCO3, chonchiolin

Echinoderms Turtle

Ossicles/spin CaCO3, es Scutes, Plates CaCO3,

Type Sponges
Corals Vertebrates

Composition CaCO3, silica

CaCO3, chitin CaPO4, MgPO4. collagen matrix, mucopolysacc haride

Spicules, spongin corals

bone

Regions
Cranium

Cartilage
Exoccipitals sphenethmoid Sphenethmoid Mesethmoid Prootic Palatines Pterygoids Mentomeckelians

Membrane
Fronto-parietals parashenoids Nasal Vomer Squamosal Premaxillae Maxillae Quadratojugal Angulo-splenials Dentaries

Nasal Capsules Auditory capsules Visceral Arches

Lower Jaw

Hyoid

Posterior cornua

None

Muscular System

Parts of a Skeletal Muscle a. Belly-fleshy part of the muscle b. Tendons- attach the belly to the skeleton c. Aponeurosis- stout band which attach the muscle to the surface of another muscle d. Origin- point of attachment which remains relatively fix e. Insertion- relatively movable point of attachment

Actions of Skeletal Muscle a. Extensors- straighten a part b. Flexors-bends a part c. Adductors- draws a part towards the midline d. Abductors-draws a part away from the midline e. Levator- raises a part f. Depressor-lowers a part g. Protractors- causes a part to be thrust forward or outward h. Retractors-pulls it back i. Rotators- rotates a part

How are muscles name? a. Attachments (scapulohumeris) b. Action and size (adductor magnus) c. Shape and Locomotion (biceps femoris) d. Location and Direction (external oblique)

Nervous System

Early
Forebrain (prosence phalon)

Late
Telencephalon

Adults
Cerebrum

Function
Motor area controls voluyntary muscle movements; sensory cortex is the center of conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temerature and taste; association areas integrate and process sensory data Part of limbic system; integrates sensory info arriving at thalamus Controls autonomic functions; sets appetitive drives (thirst, hunger, sexual desire) and behavior; sets emotional states; secretes ADH, oxytocin; secrets releasing factors for anterior pituitary

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Early
Midbrain mesen

Late
Mesen

Adults
Optic lobes

Function
Integrates visual information with other sensory inputs; relays auditory information Involuntary control of muscle tone; processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands Involuntary coordination & control of outgoing movements for equili brium, muscle tone, posture Links cerebellum with other brain centers and with medulla and spinal cord; modifies output of respiratory centers in medulla Regulates heart rate and force of contraction; vasomotor control; sets rate of respiration; relays info to the cerebellum

Midbrain nuclei

Hindbrain Myelen Cerebellum rhomben Pons

Meten

Medulla oblangata