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BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

MOstofa, MBM 16th Batch, BIBM

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Introduction to Financial Statements

Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows

Three primary financial statements.

We will use a corporation to describe these statements.

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Introduction to Financial Statements

Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows

Describes where the enterprise stands at a specific date.

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Introduction to Financial Statements

Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows

Depicts the revenues and expenses for a designated period of time.

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Introduction to Financial Statements

Revenues result in positive cash flow.

Expenses result in negative cash flow.

Either in the past, present, or future.

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Introduction to Financial Statements

Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows

Net income (or net loss) is simply the difference between revenues and expenses.

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Introduction to Financial Statements

Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows

Depicts the ways cash has changed during a designated period of time.

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A Starting Point: Statement of Financial Position

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Jamal Travel Agency Balance Sheet December 31, 2005 Assets Liabilities & Owners' Equity Cash $ 22,500 Liabilities: Notes receivable 10,000 Notes payable $ 41,000 Accounts receivable 60,500 Accounts payable 36,000 Supplies 2,000 Salaries payable 3,000 Land 100,000 Total liabilities $ 80,000 Building 90,000 Owners' Equity: Office equipment 15,000 Capital stock 150,000 Retained earnings 70,000 Total $ 300,000 Total $ 300,000
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The Concept of the Business Entity A business entity is separate from the personal affairs of its owner.
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Jamal Travel Agency

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Assets
Jamal Travel Agency Balance Sheet December 31, 2005 Assets Liabilities & Owners' Equity Cash $ 22,500 Liabilities: Notes receivable 10,000 Notes payable $ 41,000 Accounts receivable 60,500 Accounts payable 36,000 Supplies 2,000 Salaries payable 3,000 Land 100,000 Total liabilities $ 80,000 Building 90,000 Owners' Equity: Office equipment 15,000 Capital stock 150,000 Retained earnings 70,000 Total $ 300,000 Total $ 300,000

Assets are economic resources that are owned by the business and are expected to provide positive future cash flows.

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Assets
Cost Principle
These accounting Stable-Dollar principles support Going-Concern cost as the basis Assumption Assumption for asset valuation.

Objectivity Principle
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Liabilities
Jamal Travel Agency Balance Sheet December 31, 2005 Assets Liabilities & Owners' Equity Cash $ 22,500 Liabilities: Notes receivable 10,000 Notes payable $ 41,000 Accounts receivable 60,500 Accounts payable 36,000 Supplies 2,000 Salaries payable 3,000 Land 100,000 Total liabilities $ 80,000 Building 90,000 Owners' Equity: Office equipment 15,000 Capital stock 150,000 Retained earnings 70,000 Total $ 300,000 Total $ 300,000

Liabilities are debts that represent negative future cash flows for the enterprise.

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Owners Equity
Jamal Travel Agency Balance Sheet December 31, 2005 Assets Liabilities & Owners' Equity Cash $ 22,500 Liabilities: Notes receivable 10,000 Notes payable $ 41,000 Accounts receivable 60,500 Accounts payable 36,000 Supplies 2,000 Salaries payable 3,000 Land 100,000 Total liabilities $ 80,000 Building 90,000 Owners' Equity: Office equipment 15,000 Capital stock 150,000 Retained earnings 70,000 Total $ 300,000 Total $ 300,000

Owners equity represents the owners claims to the assets of the business.

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Owners Equity

Changes in Owners Equity

Owners Investments Business Earnings Payments to Owners Business Losses

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The Accounting Equation

Travel Assets =Vagabond Liabilities + Agency Owners Equity Balance Sheet December 31, 2005 $300,000 = $80,000 + $220,000 Assets Liabilities & Owners' Equity Cash $ 22,500 Liabilities: Notes receivable 10,000 Notes payable $ 41,000 Accounts receivable 60,500 Accounts payable 36,000 Supplies 2,000 Salaries payable 3,000 Land 100,000 Total liabilities $ 80,000 Building 90,000 Owners' Equity Office equipment 15,000 Capital stock 150,000 Retained earnings 70,000 Total $ 300,000 Total $ 300,000
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Lets analyze some transactions for Monno Lawn Care Service.

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Problem Solving
On May 1, 2005, Monno and his family invested $8,000 in Monno

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Lawn Care Service and received 800 shares of stock. On May 2, Monno purchased a riding lawn mower for $2,500 cash. On May 8, Monno purchased a $15,000 truck. Monno paid $2,000 down in cash and issued a note payable for the remaining $13,000. On May 11, Monno purchased some repair parts for $300 on account. Monno realized he had purchased more repair parts than needed. On May 18, Monno was able to sell half of the repair parts to ABC Lawns for $150, a price equal to Monno cost. Monno will receive the cash within 30 days. On May 25, ABC Lawns pays Monno $75 as a partial settlement of its accounts receivable. On May 28, Monno pays $150 of its accounts payable. On May 29, Monno recorded lawn care services provided during May of $750. All clients paid in cash. On May 31, Monno purchased gasoline for the lawn mower and the truck for $50 cash.
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On May 1, 2009, Monno and his family invested $8,000 in Monno Lawn Care Service and received 800 shares of stock.
Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet May 1, 2009 Assets Owners' Equity $ 8,000 Capital $

Cash

8,000

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8,000 Total

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8,000

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On May 2, Monno purchased a riding lawn mower for $2,500 cash.

Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet May 2, 2009 Assets Owners' Equity Cash $ 5,500 Capital Stock $ Tools & Equipment 2,500

8,000

Total

8,000 Total

8,000

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On May 8, Monno purchased a $15,000 truck.

Monno paid $2,000 down in cash and issued a note payable for the remaining $13,000.
Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet May 8, 2009 Assets Liabilities and Owners' Equity Cash $ 3,500 Liabilities: Tools & Equipment 2,500 Notes Payable $ 13,000 Truck 15,000 Owners' Equity: Capital Stock 8,000

Total

$ 21,000 Total

$ 21,000

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On May 11, Monno purchased some repair parts for $300 on account.
Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet 11-May-09 Assets Liabilities and Owners' Equity Cash $ 3,500 Liabilities: Tools & Equipment 2,800 Notes Payable $ 13,000 Truck 15,000 Accounts Payable 300 Total Liabilities $ 13,300 Owners' Equity: Capital Stock 8,000 Total $ 21,300 Total $ 21,300

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Monno realized he had purchased more repair parts than needed. On May 18, Monno was able to sell half of the repair parts to ABC Lawns for $150, a price equal to Monno cost. Monno will receive the cash within 30 days. Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet May 18, 2009 Assets Liabilities and Owners' Equity Cash $ 3,500 Liabilities: Accounts Receivable 150 Notes Payable $ 13,000 Tools & Equipment 2,650 Accounts Payable 300 Truck 15,000 Total Liabilities $ 13,300 Owners' Equity: Capital Stock 8,000
Total $ 21,300 Total $ 21,300

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On May 25, ABC Lawns pays Monno $75 as a partial settlement of its accounts receivable.
Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet May 25, 2009 Assets Liabilities and Owners' Equity Cash $ 3,575 Liabilities: Accounts Receivable 75 Notes Payable $ 13,000 Tools & Equipment 2,650 Accounts Payable 300 Truck 15,000 Total Liabilities $ 13,300 Owners' Equity: Capital Stock 8,000 Total $ 21,300 Total $ 21,300

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On May 28, Monno pays $150 of its accounts payable.

Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet May 28, 2009 Assets Liabilities and Owners' Equity Cash $ 3,425 Liabilities: Accounts Receivable 75 Notes Payable $ 13,000 Tools & Equipment 2,650 Accounts Payable 150 Truck 15,000 Total Liabilities 13,150 Owners' Equity: Capital Stock 8,000 Total $ 21,150 Total $ 21,150

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On May 29, Monno recorded lawn care services provided during May of $750. All clients paid in cash.
Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet May 29, 2009 Assets Liabilities and Owners' Equity Cash $ 4,175 Liabilities: Accounts Receivable 75 Notes Payable $ 13,000 Tools & Equipment 2,650 Accounts Payable 150 Truck 15,000 Total Liabilities 13,150 Owners' Equity: Capital Stock 8,000 Retained Earnings 750 Total $ 21,900 Total $ 21,900

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On May 31, Monno purchased gasoline for the lawn mower and the truck for $50 cash.
Monno lawn care service Balance Sheet May 31, 2009 Assets Liabilities and Owners' Equity Cash $ 4,125 Liabilities: Accounts Receivable 75 Notes Payable $ 13,000 Tools & Equipment 2,650 Accounts Payable 150 Truck 15,000 Total Liabilities 13,150 Owners' Equity: Capital Stock 8,000 Retained Earnings 700 Total $ 21,850 Total $ 21,850

Now, lets review how Monno's transactions affected the accounting equation. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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May 1 Balances May 2 Balances May 8 Balances May 11 Balances May 18 Balances May 25 Balances May 28 Balances May 29 Balances May 31 Balances

Cash $ 8,000 $ 8,000 (2,500) $ 5,500 (2,000) $ 3,500 $ 3,500 $ 3,500 75 $ 3,575 (150) $ 3,425 750 $ 4,175 (50) $ 4,125

Assets Accts. Tools & + Rec. + Equip. +

= Truck

Liabilities + Owners' Equity Notes Accts. Capital Retained = Payable + Pay. + Stock + Earnings $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000

$ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 300 $ 2,800 (150) $ 2,650 $ 2,650 $ 2,650 $ 2,650 $ 2,650 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 300 $ 300 $ 300 $ 300 (150) $ 150 $ 150 $ 150

$ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ $ 750 750 (50) 700

$ 150 $ 150 (75) $ 75 $ 75 $ 75 $ 75

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May 1 Balances May 2 Balances May 8 Balances May 11 Balances May 18 Balances May 25 Balances May 28 Balances May 29 Balances May 31 Balances

Lets prepare the Income Statement and Statement of Cash =Flows for Monno Lawn Assets Liabilities + Owners' Equity Accts. Tools & Notes Accts. Capital Retained Care Service for the month ending May 31, Cash + Rec. + Equip. + Truck = Payable + Pay. + Stock + Earnings 2009. $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 These transactions (2,500) $ 2,500 $ 5,500 $ 2,500 $ 8,000 impact the (2,000) $ 15,000 $ 13,000 $ 3,500 $ 2,500 $ 15,000 $ 13,000 Statement of Cash $ 8,000 300 $ 300 Flows. $ 3,500 $ 2,800 $ 15,000 $ 13,000 $ 300 $ 8,000
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$ 3,500 75 $ 3,575 (150) $ 3,425 750 $ 4,175 (50) $ 4,125

$ 150 $ 150 (75) $ 75 $ 75 $ 75 $ 75

(150) $ 2,650 $ 2,650 $ 2,650 $ 2,650 $ 2,650

$ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000

$ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000

$ 300 $ 300 (150) $ 150

$ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ $ 750 750 (50) 700

These transactions $ 15,000 $ 13,000 $ 150 impact the Income $ 15,000 $ 13,000 $ 150 Statement.

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Monno Lawn Care Service Income Statement For the Month Ended May 31, 2009 Sales Revenue Operating Expense: Gasoline Expense Net Income $ 750 50 700

Investments by and payments to the owners are not included on the Income Statement.
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Monno's Lawn Care Service 2-30 Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended May 31, 2009 Cash flows from operating activities: Cash received from revenue transactions $ 750 Cash paid for expenses (50) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 700 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of lawn mower $ (2,500) Purchase of truck (2,000) Collection for sale of repair parts 75 Payment for repair parts (150) Net cash used by investing activities (4,575) Cash flows from financing activities: Investment by owners 8,000 Increase in cash for month $ 4,125 Cash balance, May 1, 2005 Cash balance, May 31, 2005 $ 4,125
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2-31 Monno Lawn Care Service Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended May 31, 2009 Cash flows from operating activities: Cash received from revenue transactions $ 750 Cash paid for expenses (50) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 700 Cash flows from investing activities: Operating activities include cash Purchase of lawn mower $ the (2,500) Purchase of truckof revenue and expense (2,000) effects Collection for sale of repair parts 75 transactions. Payment for repair parts (150) Net cash used by investing activities (4,575) Cash flows from financing activities: Investment by owners 8,000 Increase in cash for month $ 4,125 Cash balance, May 1, 2005 Cash balance, May 31, 2005 $ 4,125

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Monno Lawn Care Service 2-32 Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended May 31, 2009 Cash flows from operating activities: Cash received from revenue transactions $ 750 Cash paid for expenses (50) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 700 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of lawn mower $ (2,500) Purchase of truck (2,000) Collection for sale of repair parts 75 Payment for repair parts (150) Net cash used by investing activities (4,575) Cash flows from financing activities: Investment by owners 8,000 Investing activities include the cash Increase in cash for month $ 4,125 effects of and selling Cash balance, May 1,purchasing 2005 Cash balance, May 31, 2005 $ 4,125 assets.
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2-33 Monno Lawn Care Service Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended May 31, 2009 Cash flows from operating activities: Cash received from revenue transactions $ 750 Cash paid for expenses (50) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 700 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of lawn mower $ (2,500) Financing cash Purchase of truck activities include the (2,000) Collection of repair parts with the owners 75 effects for ofsale transactions Payment for repair parts (150) and creditors. Net cash used by investing activities (4,575) Cash flows from financing activities: Investment by owners 8,000 Increase in cash for month $ 4,125 Cash balance, May 1, 2005 Cash balance, May 31, 2005 $ 4,125

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Now, lets prepare the Balance Sheet for Monno Lawn Care Service for May 31, 2009. Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity
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May 1 Balances May 2 Balances May 8 Balances May 11 Balances May 18 Balances May 25 Balances May 28 Balances May 29 Balances May 31 Balances

Cash $ 8,000 $ 8,000 (2,500) $ 5,500 (2,000) $ 3,500 $ 3,500 $ 3,500 75 $ 3,575 (150) $ 3,425 750 $ 4,175 (50) $ 4,125

Accts. Tools & + Rec. + Equip. +

Truck

Notes Accts. Capital Retained = Payable + Pay. + Stock + Earnings $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000

$ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 300 $ 2,800 (150) $ 2,650 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 300 $ 300

$ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 $ $ 750 750 (50) 700

$ 150 $ 150 (75) $ 75 $ 75 $ 75 $ 75

$ 15,000 $ 13,000 will $ 300 These balances on the $ 300 $ 2,650 appear $ 15,000 $ 13,000 (150) Balance Sheet. $ 2,650 $ 15,000 $ 13,000 $ 150 $ 2,650 $ 2,650 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 150 $ 150

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Monno Lawn Care Service Balance Sheet May 31, 2009 Assets Liabilities Cash $ 4,125 Notes payable $ Accounts receivable 75 Accounts payable Tools & equipment 2,650 Owners' Equity Truck 15,000 Capital stock Retained earnings Total assets $ 21,850 Total liabilities & equity $

13,000 150 8,000 700 21,850

Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity $21,850 =

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$13,150

$8,700
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Relationships Among Financial Statements

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Date at beginning of period Balance Sheet

Time

Date at end of period Balance Sheet

Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows

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Financial Statement Articulation

JJ's Lawn Care Service Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended May 31, 2005 Cash flows from operating activities: Cash received from revenue transactions $ 750 Cash paid for expenses (50) Net cash provided by operating activities $ 700 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of lawn mower $ (2,500) Purchase of truck (2,000) Collection for sale of repair parts 75 Payment for repair parts (150) Net cash used by investing activities (4,575) Cash flows from financing activities: Investment by owners 8,000 Increase in cash for month $ 4,125 Cash balance, May 1, 2005 Cash balance, May 31, 2005 $ 4,125

JJ's Lawn Care Service Income Statement For the Month Ended May 31, 2005 Sales Revenue Operating Expense: Gasoline Expense Net Income $ 750 50 700

JJ's Lawn Care Service Balance Sheet May 31, 2005 Assets Cash $ Accounts receivable Tools & equipment Truck Total assets $ Liabilities 4,125 Notes payable $ 75 Accounts payable 2,650 Owners' Equity 15,000 Capital stock Retained earnings 21,850 Total liabilities & equity $ 13,000 150 8,000 700 21,850

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Financial Reporting and Financial Statements

Financial statements are just one source of financial accounting information.
Balance Sheet

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Income Statement

Statement of Cash Flows

Other Information: Industry Competition National economy

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Forms of Business Organizations

Sole Proprietorship

Partnership

Corporation

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Reporting Ownership Equity in the Balance Sheet

Sole Proprietorship

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Owner's equity: Jill Jones, capital $ 8,000

Partnership

Partners' equity Jill Jones, capital $ 4,000 Bill Jones, capital 4,000 Total partners' equity

$ 8,000

Corporation
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Owners' equity Capital stock $ 7,000 Retained earnings 1,000 Total stockholders' equity $ 8,000
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The Use of Financial Statements by External Parties

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Two concerns:
Creditors

Liquidity
Profitability

Investors
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The Need for Adequate Disclosure

Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows

Notes to the financial statements often provide facts necessary for the proper interpretation of the statements.
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Managements Interest in Financial Statements

Creditors are more likely to extend credit if financial statements show a strong statement of financial positionthat is relatively little debt and large amounts of liquid assets.

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Window dressing occurs when management takes measures to make the company appear as strong as possible in it financial statements.
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