Volatile Oils

Essential oils volatilize and distilled in steam chemically and physically different from fixed oils
not glyceryl esters of fatty acids do not leaves permanent grease spot in paper not saponified with alkali not become rancid but on exposure to air and light becomes oxidized and resinify

frequently associated with other substances like gums, resins

Volatile Oils
generally mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds derived from hydrocarbons the odor and taste is mainly determined by the oxygenated constituents which is immiscible in water but more soluble in alcohol many of them are terpenoids in origin with some containing aromatic derivatives

Volatile Oils
volatile oils chemical constituents are divided into 2 classes based on their biosynthetic origin:
1. Terpenoid derivatives - acetate - mevalonic acid pathway 2. Aromatic compounds - shikimmic acid - phenyl propanoid pathway

many volatile oils are largely monoterpenoids and others phenylterpenoids constituents are responsible for their characteristic odor, taste, flavor and therapeutic properties

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Oil of Turpentine

Hydrocarbons

Synonym: spirit of turpentine, rectified oil of turpentine Origin: rectified volatile oil distilled from the oleoresin of Pinus palustris (Pinaceae) Constituents: terpene ((+), (-),(-) pinene, camphene) Use: externally counterirritant, rubefacient - fragrance, flavor, vitamins, insecticide Note: - rarely given internally
- for inhalation terebene is preferred (terebene is prepared from oil of turpentine and cols sulfuric acid --- converts pinene to inactive diterpene (limonene)

Canada turpentine Synonym: Canada balsam Origin: oleoresin from the stem of Abies balsamea (Pinaceae) Constituent: contains 23 24% volatile oil Use: use as microscopic mount Note: Oil occurs in schizogenous ducts and large cavities

Pumilio Oil
Synonym: Dwarf Mountain Pine oil Origin: oil obtained from the fresh leaves of Pinus mago var. pumilio (Pineaceae) Constituents: terpenes and sesquiterpenes (Lcamphene, pinene, dipentene, borneol, cadinene, monoterpene with bornyl acetate Use: - decongestant inhalant - prep. of compound thymol glycerin - constituent of Zinc undecenoate dusting powder

Oil of Cade
Origin: oil obtained from the destructive distillation of the woody portions of Juniperus oxycedras (Cupressaceae) Constituent: sesquiterpene cadinene - phenolic compounds guaiacol, ethyl guaiacol and cresol Use: veterinary purposes (skin diseases)

Cubeb NF X (1955)
Synonym: tailed pepper, java pepper, cubeba Origin: dreid nearly full grown but unripe fruit of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) Constituents: - 20 28% volatile oil containing terpenes and sesquiterpenes - cubebin inodorous crystalline substance - cubebic acid white amorphous substance - Amorphous resin Use: stimulant, carminative, condiment

Pepper NF V (1926)
Synonym: Black pepper, Malisa, Paminta Origin: dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) Constituents: - terpene limonene, sabinene, camphene, bisabolene, caryophylene, pinene, thujone - alkaloids piperine and piperitine (pungency) Use: once used in the treatment of gonorrhea and chronic bronchitis - condiment

Pepper
Note: - stimulate thermal receptors and increases secretion of saliva and gastric mucosa - may ease the nicotine withdrawal syndrome during smoking

white pepper removal of the outer part of the pericarp

Lupulin (Humulus NF VII 1942) Synonym: lupulinic Glands, Hop Strobile, lupulin (drug), common hops Origin: glandular hairs separated from the strobile of Humulus lupulus (Cannabinaceae Constituents: - humulene acids (phlorogluctinol derivative) - lupulone - acid - 2 methyl 3 butene 2 ol (sedative hypnotic property

Lupulin
Use: - bitter tonic, mild anti bacterial (gm +) - sedative (treat neuralgia, insomnia, nervous tension etc.) - mild diuretic, appetite stimulant, digestive aid - Preserve beer
Adverse Effect: CNS sedation; Resp. bronchial irritation; Skin contact dermatitis Interactions: CNS depressants additive Phenothiazine type antipsychotic - additive

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Alcohol Peppermint NF18(1995)

Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta Inglesa Origin: dried leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) Constituents: - oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves, partially or wholly dementholized - menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethyl sulfide, isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene, terpinene, piperitone, pulegone, carvone - 2 acetyl 4 isopropenyl pyridine - odor Use: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative, stimulant, counterirritant - commercial importance, flavor for confectionery(chewing gum)

Peppermint
Antibacterial, antiviral Enteric antispasmodic, antiflatulence
Interactions: Cal. Blockers - effect

Adverse:
gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder inflammation, severe liver damage Face and nostrils of infants and children

Note: Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var. piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol - higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor compared to peppermint oil

Peppermint

Menthol - used as topical antipruritic in burns and sunburn preparations - counterirritant, antiseptic, stimulant - internally, depressant effect to the heart

Cardamon NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamon Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria cardamomum var. minuscula (Zingiberaceae) - dried ripe seeds recently removed from the capsules of Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae) Constituents: - volatile oil linalol and terpenes - cineol , - terponyl acetate Use: - flavoring agent in curries, cake, manufacture of liqueurs - form of Cpd. Tincture of Cardamon - anti- viral

Sage
Synonym: Garden sage Dalmatian sage, meadow sage Origin: dried leaves of Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) Constituents: 50% thujone with cineole, borneol, diterpenes, camphor Use: infusion: mouthwash, gargle (antiseptic and astringent) - topical itching insect bite, herpes lesions, shingles, psoriasis - vaginal douche yeast infection - Prevent hair loss and preserve hair color

Sage
Has cholinergic activity treatment of Alzheimers disease Mild antioxidant property

Adverse: seizure Interaction: disufiram

Those with epileptic history