Multiplexing

Multiplexing
Multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium.

Types of Multiplexing
Space-Division Multiplexing (SDM)simply implies different point-to-point wires for different channels. Analogue stereo audio cable ( Multi pair telephone cable) Switched star network( analog telephone access network) Mesh network.

Wired space-division multiplexing is typically not considered as multiplexing. Space-Division Multiplexing is achieved by multiple antenna elements forming a phased array antenna. Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO), Single-Input and Multiple-Output (SIMO) Multiple-Input and Single-Output (MISO)

Types of Multiplexing
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) Assignment of non-overlapping frequency ranges to each user or signal on a medium. Thus, all signals are transmitted at the same time, each using different frequencies. A multiplexor accepts inputs and assigns frequencies to each device.

Types of Multiplexing
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital (or rarely analog) multiplexing in which two or more bit streams or signals are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel.

Types of Multiplexing
The time domain is divided into several recurrent time slots of fixed length, one for each sub-channel

Types of Multiplexing
Code-division multiplexing(CDM)- is a technique in which each channel transmits its bits as a coded channel-specific sequence of pulses. This coded transmission typically is accomplished by transmitting a unique timedependent series of short pulses, which are placed within chip times within the larger bit time. All channels, each with a different code, can be transmitted on the same fiber and asynchronously demultiplxed Allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth,

Multiplexing Hierarchies and Transport Technologies

E1 / T1
E1 (FIRST ORDER EUROPE TRANSMISSION STANDARD) E1 Frame Format-Frame is composed from 256 bits that are divided to 32 Time Slots (TS) x 8 bits per sec

T1 Frame Format-T1 circuits operate at 1.544 Mbit/s. These circuits were originally carried using a line code called Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)

2.048 Mbps SIGNAL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bit Rate Input Signal No. of Channels Bit duration No. of bits per Time Slots Time Slot duration No. of TS per frame Frame duration No. of frames per multi frame MF duration Frame alignment 2.048Mbps+-50ppm 64 kbps 30+2 488ns 8 3.9us 32 125us 16 2ms B0011011 B is used in international networks otherwise 0

PDH

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

The PDH high capacity transmission networks are based on a hierarchy of digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4.
The basic building block is the primary rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels. This would then be multiplexed up to a higher rate for high capacity transmission.

Line coding Hierarchy

Line coding in PDH systems

PDH Signal 64kbps 2.048Mbps 8.448 Mbps 34.368 Mbps

Line coding used as per standards AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) HDB3 (High Density Block 3) HDB3 (High Density Block 3) HDB3 (High Density Block 3)

139.364 Mbps CMI (Code Mark Inversion )

SDH Basics

Introduction
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a standard for telecommunications transport Specification are written by ITU-T First Introduced into the telecommunication networks in 1992 Based on overlaying a synchronous multiplexed signal onto a

light stream transmitted over fibre-optic cable.

SDH is also defined for use on radio relay links, satellite links, and at electrical interfaces between equipment.

Advantages of SDH
A reduction in the amount of equipment and an increase in network reliability. The provision of overhead and payload bytes the overhead bytes permitting management of the payload bytes on an individual basis and facilitating centralized fault sectionalization

The definition of a synchronous multiplexing format for carrying lower-level digital signals (such as 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s) which greatly simplifies the interface to digital switches, digital cross-connects, and add-drop multiplexers.
The availability of a set of generic standards, which enable multivendor interoperability. The definition of a accommodating future transmission rates. flexible architecture capable applications, with a variety of of

SDH Signal
The basic format of an SDH signal allows it to carry many different services in its Virtual Container (VC) because it is bandwidth-flexible. This capability allows for such things as the transmission of high-speed packet-switched services, ATM, contribution video, and distribution video. However, SDH still permits transport and networking at the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, and 140 Mbit/s levels, accommodating the existing digital hierarchy signals. In addition, SDH supports the transport of signals based on the 1.5 Mbit/s hierarchy.

PDH Bit Rates

Digital Bit Rate 64Kbit/s 2.048Mbit/s 8.448Mbit/s 34.368Mbit/s 139.264Mbit/s

Signal E0 E1 E2 E3 E4

Channels One 64Kbit/s 32 E0 128 E0 16 E1 64 E1

SDH Bit Rates

Signal Digital Bit Rate Channels

STM-0
STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 or 2.4Gbps STM-64 or 10 Gbps STM-256 or 40Gbps

51.84 Mbit/s
155.52 Mbit/s 622.08 Mbit/s 2488.32 Mbit/s 9953.28 Mbit/s

21 E1
63 E1 or 1E4 256 E1 or 4 E4 1008 E1 or 16 E4 4032 E1 or 64 E4 16128 E1 or 256 E4

39813.12Mbit/s

Flexibility of SDH
STM-64 STS-192 (OC-192) 10 Gbit/s STM-16 STS-48 (OC-48) 2.5 Gbit/s SDH ITU-T STM-4 STS-12 (OC-12) 622 Mbit/s SONET USA

STM-1 STS-3 (OC-3) 155 Mbit/s

STM-0 52 Mbit/s

STS-1 (OC-1) 52 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s PDH ETSI 8 Mbit/s

45 Mbit/s

6 Mbit/s

PDH USA

2 Mbit/s

1.5 Mbit/s

All SDH Mappings

AUG STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 *3 *3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-4
E4 139.264 M ATM 149.760M

AUG

STM-0

AU-3

VC-3 *7 *7

C3

E3 34.368 M T3 44.736 M ATM 48.384 M

Pointer Processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping

TUG-2

TU-2 *3 TU-12

VC-2

C2

T2 6.312 M ATM 6.874M

AUG AU TUG TU VC C

Administrative Unit Group Administrative Unit Tributary Unit Group Tributary Unit Virtual Container Container

VC-12

C12

E1 2.048 M ATM 2.144 M

*4
TU-11 VC-11 C11

T1 1.544 M ATM 1.6 M

STM-1 Frame Structure

N 270 columns N9
1

N 261

RSOH
3

AU pointer 9 rows
5

Payload MSOH

9 SOH: Section Overhead AU: Administration Unit MSOH: Multiplexer Section Overhead RSOH: Repeater Section Overhead

STM-1 Frame Structure

Virtual Container Size

SDH VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 VC-4 Digital Bit Rate 1.728 Mbit/s 2.304 Mbit/s 6.912 Mbit/s 48.96 Mbit/s 150.336 Mbit/s Size of VC 9 rows, 3 columns 9 rows, 4 columns 9 rows, 12 columns 9 rows, 85 columns 9 rows, 261 columns

Position of VC-4 in Payload Area

2mbps C12 (32+2)--------------VC 12 (34+1)-------TU 12 (35+1)---TUG 2 ((9*4) X 3=108)- TUG3[9*{(12*7)+2}=774]-
(Stuffing Bytes) Path Overhead byte Pointer Byte

3 X TU12

7 X TUG 2

VC-4 [9*{86+86+86+3)]=9*261=2349)- AU-4 -STM-1 3 X TUG 3 POH+2 Stuffing byte

STM-1 frame structure

270 columns
RSOH

MSOH

Section Overhead SOH

STM-1 has 9 (different) columns of transport overhead ! RS overhead is 3 rows * 9 columns Pointer overhead is 1 row * 9 columns

MS overhead is 5 rows * 9 columns

SPE is 9 rows * 261 columns

TX END
TX END

RX END
RX END

Section Overhead
A1
section overhead B1 D1 H1 B2 line overhead D4 D7

A2
E1 D2 H2 K1 D5 D8

J0
F1 D3 H3 K2 D6 D9

The STS-1 overhead consists of 3 rows of section overhead frame sync (A1, A2) section trace (J0) error control (B1) section orderwire (E1) Embedded Operations Channel (Di)

D10 D11 D12 S1 M0 E2

6 rows of line overhead pointer and pointer action (Hi) error control (B2) Automatic Protection Switching signaling (Ki) Data Channel (Di) Synchronization Status Message (S1) Far End Block Error (M0) line orderwire (E2)

SDH Mapping

SDH Pointers
SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the phase and frequency of the Virtual Containers (VC-N) with respect to the STM-N frame. Lower-order pointers are also provided to permit phase differences between VC-1/VC-2 and the higher-order VC-3/VC-4. On a frame-by-frame basis, the payload pointer indicates the offset between the VC payload and the STM-N frame by identifying the location of the first byte of the VC in the payload. In other words, the VC is allowed to float within the STM-1 frame capacity.

SDH Protection
SDH need to be highly reliable (five nines) Down-time should be minimal (less than 50 msec) So systems must repair themselves (no time for manual intervention) Upon detection of a failure (dLOS, dLOF, high BER) the network must reroute traffic (protection switching) from working channel to protection channel The Network Element that detects the failure (tail-end NE) initiates the protection switching

The head-end NE must change forwarding or to send duplicate traffic

Protection switching is unidirectional Protection switching may be revertive (automatically revert to working channel)
working channel

protection channel
Head End

Tail-End

How does it work?

Head-end and tail-end NEs have bridges (muxes) Head-end and tail-end NEs maintain bidirectional signaling channel
Signaling is contained in K1 and K2 bytes of protection channel K1 tail-end status and requests K2 head-end status
Head-End Bridge Tail-End Bridge

working channel

protection channel

signaling channel

Linear 1+1 protection

Simplest form of protection
Can be at OC-n level (different physical fibers) or at STM/VC level (called Sub Network Connection Protection) or end-to-end path (called trail protection)

Head-End Bridge

channel A

Tail-End Bridge

channel B

Linear 1:1 protection

Head-end bridge usually sends data on working channel
When tail-end detects failure it signals (using K1) to head-end

Head-End Bridge

Tail-End Bridge

working channel

extra traffic protection channel

Linear 1:N protection

In order to save BW we allocate 1 protection channel for every N working channels

Head-End Bridge

Tail-End Bridge

working channels protection channel

Two fiber vs. Four-fiber rings

Four-fiber rings fully redundant at OC level can support bidirectional routing at line layer Two-fiber rings support unidirectional routing at line layer

2 fibers in opposite directions

Unidirectional vs. Bidirectional

Unidirectional routing working channel B-A same direction (e.g. clockwise) as A-B management simplicity: A-B and B-A can occupy same timeslots Inefficient: waste in ring BW and excessive delay in one direction

A-B

A-B

B B-A

B-C

A C-B B-A C

Advantages of SDH
High transmission rates
Transmission rates up to 40Gbit/s can be achieved in modern SDH systems. SDH is therefore the most suitable technology for backbones, which can be considered as being the super highways in todays telecommunications networks. Compared with the older PDH systems, it is much easier to extract and insert low-bit rate channels from or into the high-speed bit streams in SDH. It is no longer necessary to de multiplex and then re multiplex the plesiochronous structure, a complex and costly procedure at the best of the times. With SDH, network providers can react quickly and easily to the requirements of their customers. For example, leased lines can be switched in a matter of minutes. The network provider can use standardized network elements that can be controlled and monitored from the central location by means of a telecommunication network management (TMN) system.

Simplified add & drop function

High availability and capacity matching

Advantages of SDH
Reliability
Modern SDH networks include various automatic back-up and repair mechanisms to cope with system faults. Failure of a link or an network element does not lead to failure of the entire network which could be a financial disaster for the network provider. These back-up circuits are also monitored by a management system. Right now, SDH is the ideal platform for services ranging from POTS, ISDN and mobile radio through to data communications (LAN, WAN, etc.), and it is able to handle the very latest services, such as video on demand and digital video broadcasting via ATM that are gradually established. SDH makes it much easier to setup gateways between different network providers and to SONET systems. The SDH interfaces are globally standardized, making it possible to combine network elements from different manufacturers into a network. The result is a reduction in equipment costs as compared with PDH.

Future-proof platform for new services

Interconnection

SDH Pointers & Overheads

Objective

Regenerator Section Overhead

Multiplex Section Overhead

Path Overhead Pointers

STM-1 Frame Format

Frame =125s

Frame =125s

Frame = 125s

STM-1 = 270 Columns (2430 bytes)

1 2 3 Regenerator Section Overhead H1 H2 H3

Administrative Unit
Capacity of the Virtual Container + Pointers 9 Rows

Pointers

4 5 6 7 8 9

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

Multiplex Section Overhead

Overhead width = 9 columns

Regenerator Section Overhead - RSOH

A1 B1

A1

A1

A2 E1 D2

A2

A2

J0 F1 D3

Regenerator Section

D1

Regenerator Section Overhead - RSOH

A1 A2 B1 E1

J0 F1

Framing (A1,A2)

D1 D2 D3

Start of the STM-1 frame A1, A2 The Frame Alignment Word Section Trace or Future Growth (J0) is used to recognize the beginning J0 carriesof section traceframe message. an STM-N Bit Path Trace. It is A1 used to Error give aMonitoring path through : 1111 0110 = F6 (HEX) an Local Orderwire (E1) Bit Error Monitoring. The B1 Byte contains the SDH Network a "Name". This message (Name) Data communication channel (DCC_R) A2 : 0010 1000 = 28 (HEX) Channel for voice communications between any Section User Channel (F1) result of the parity check of the previous STM enables the receiver to check the continuity of its Provides a Engineering single 192 kb/s channel for two NEs. Orderwire (EOW). It can A 64kb/s user channel. frame, before scrambling of the actual STM connection with the desired transmitter Management . be used to transmit speech signalsout between User Channel. It is check used to transmit data frame. This is carried with a Bit This channel is used to transmit management Regenerator Sections for operating and and speechInterleaved for service Parity and maintenance check (BIP-8). informationmaintenance via the STM-N frames purposes

Regenerator Section Overhead - RSOH

1st row = Unscrambled bytes. Their contents should therefore be monitored X = Bytes reserved for national use D = Bytes depending on the medium (satellite, radio relay system, ...) The Regenerator Section OverHead uses the first three rows & nine columns in the STM-1 frame A1, A2 The Frame Alignment Word is used to recognize the beginning of an STM-N frame A1: 1111 0110 = F6 (HEX) A2: 0010 1000 = 28 (HEX) J0: Path Trace. It is used to give a path through an SDH Network a "Name". This message (Name) enables the receiver to check the continuity of its connection with the desired transmitter B1: Bit Error Monitoring. The B1 Byte contains the result of the parity check of the previous STM frame, before scrambling of the actual STM frame. This check is carried out with a Bit Interleaved Parity check (BIP-8). E1 Engineering Orderwire (EOW). It can be used to transmit speech signals between Regenerator Sections for operating and maintenance purposes F1 User Channel. It is used to transmit data and speech for service and maintenance D1 to D3 Data Communication Channel at 192 kbit/s (DCCR). This channel is used to transmit management information via the STM-N frames

Multiplex Section Overhead - MSOH

B2 D4

B2

B2

K1 D5 D8 D11 M1

K2 D6 D9 D12 E2

Multiplex Section

D7 D10 S1

Multiplex Section Overhead - MSOH

B2 K1 D4 D5 D7 D8 D10 D11 S1 M1

Synchronization or Error Future growth (S1) Linestatus Remote Indicator (M1) 5-8 bits of the byte defines Remote error indication. Conveys the Synchronous status message. BIP-24 error count back to the source 0000 QualityData unknown Communication Channel MS_REI: Multiplex Section Remote 0010 G.811 10-11/day frequency drift (DCC-M) K2 Error Indicator, number of interleaved Linea BIP-24 (B2) 0100 G.812T transit 10-9 /day frequency drift Provides single 576 kb/s channel Orderwire (E2) bits which been detected todrift be 1000 G.812L local have 2*10-8/day frequency Bit interleaved Parity-24 (BIPfor Management Order-wire channel for voice and D6 Automatic Protection (APS) erroneous in the received Switch B2 bytes. 1011 G.813 5*10-7/day frequency drift 24) used (K1,K2) for multiplex Datais communication between two (former MS_FEBE: Multiplexing Section 1111 Not to be used for synchronization D9 NEs section error monit oring. The Used for APS signaling Far End Block Errored) K2 (Bit6,7,8) MS_RDI: Multiplex Section B2 Bytes contains the result of the D12 Remote parity checkDefect of theIndication previous (former STM MS_FERF: Multiplex Section Far End frame, except the RSOH, before E2 Receive Failure)

scrambling of the actual STM frame. This check is carried out with a Bit Interleaved Parity check (BIP24)

Multiplex Section Overhead - MSOH

B2 : Bit Error Monitoring. The B2 Bytes contains the result of the parity check of the previous STM frame, except the RSOH, before scrambling of the actual STM frame. This check is carried out with a Bit Interleaved Parity check (BIP24) K1, K2 Automatic Protection Switching (APS). In case of a failure, the STM frames can be routed new with the help of the K1, K2 Bytes through the SDH Network. Assigned to the multiplexing section protection (MSP) protocol K2 (Bit6,7,8) MS_RDI: Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication (former MS_FERF: Multiplex Section Far End Receive Failure) D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel at 576 kbit/s (DCCM). (See also D1-D3 in RSOH above) S1 (Bit 5 - 8) Synchronization quality level: 0000 Quality unknown 0010 G.811 10-11/day frequency drift 0100 G.812T transit 10-9 /day frequency drift 1000 G.812L local 2*10-8/day frequency drift 1011 G.813 5*10-7/day frequency drift 1111 Not to be used for synchronization E2 Engineering Orderwire (EOW). Same function as E1 in RSOH M1 MS_REI: Multiplex Section Remote Error Indicator, number of interleaved bits which have been detected to be erroneous in the received B2 bytes. (former MS_FEBE: Multiplexing Section Far End Block Errored) Z1, Z2 Spare bytes

K1 and K2 - Automatic Protection Switching (APS channel) bytes

These two bytes are used for MSP (Multiplex Section Protection) signaling between multiplex level entities for bi-directional automatic protection switching and for communicating Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) and Remote Defect Indication (RDI) conditions. K1 Byte K2 Byte
Bits 1-4 Type of request Bits 1-4 Selects channel number 1111 Lock out of Protection Bit 5 Indication of architecture 1110 Forced Switch 0 1+1 1101 Signal Fail High Priority 1 1:n 1100 Signal Fail Low Priority Bits 6-8 Indicate mode of operation 1011 Signal Degrade High Priority 111 MS-AIS 1010 Signal Degrade Low Priority 110 MS-RDI 1001 (not used) 101 Provisioned mode is bi-directional 1000 Manual Switch 100 Provisioned mode is unidirectional 0111 (not used) 011 Future use 0110 Wait-to-Restore 010 Future use 0101 (not used) 001 Future use 0100 Exercise 000 Future use 0011 (not used) 0010 Reverse Request 0001 Do Not Revert 0000 No Request Bits 5-8 Indicate the number of the channel requested

Higher Order Path Overhead HPOH(VC-4 / VC-3)

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

Path Overhead

Higher Order Path Overhead HPOH(VC-4 / VC-3)

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

Path Trace (J1) Path BIP-8 (B3) J1 byte carries the trace Path error monitoring information at path level Path Signal Label (C2) Indicates the type of payload in Path Status (G1) AU This byte specifies whether Provides status and performance information the virtual container isbyte equipped (H4) back to the remote endIndicator This byte is used to Path User Channel (F2) or not convey the path Carries multiframe information and theUser mapping in the data type channel at path terminating status and performance back to level respective virtual container the originating path Path User Channel terminating equipment. Therefore the bi- (F3) directional path in its User data channel at path level Tandem Connection (N1) entirety can be monitored, from either end of Bits 1-4 are allocated for APS. IEC for tandem connection the path Bits 5-8 are for future use. monitoring at TCM source.

Lower Order Path Overhead POH(VC-11 / VC-12)

VC-12

VC-11

Lower Order Path Overhead - POH

Tandem Connection (N2) Signal IEC Label and parity check for tandem connection

V5 J2 N2 K4

monitoring at TCM source. Path Trace (J2)

J2 byte carries the trace Carries APS information at information at lower order path lower order path level level

RS Alarms

RS alarms are those, which can be reported even by a pure Regenerator (who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) only RSOH) LOS (Loss of Signal) based on whole RSOH LOF (Loss of Frame) based on A1, A2 bytes TIM (Trace Identifier Mismatch) based on J0 byte SF (Signal Fail) based on B1 byte SD (Signal Degrade) based on B1 byte
Note: The order in which the alarms are written is important, as we will see later while discussing Alarm masking

A1 A2 B1 E1

RSOH bytes

J0 F1

D1 D2 D3

MS Alarms

MS alarms are those, which can be reported by a Add-Drop Multiplexer, irrespective of cross-connect configuration (who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU pointers plus opening HOPOH(s) / TU Pointers / LOPOH(s) depending upon cross-connect configuration) AIS (Alarm Indication Signal) reported based on K2 byte -- bits 6,7,8 SF (Signal Fail) based on B2 bytes SD (Signal Degrade) based on B2 bytes RDI (Remote Defect Indication) based on K2 byte -- bits 6,7,8

B2 K1 K2 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 S1 M1 E2

MSOH bytes

Note 1: The order in which the alarms are written is important, we will see later while discussing Alarm masking Note 2: MS-AIS is also called Line-AIS or AIS on STM port MS-RDI is also called Line-RDI or RDI on STM port

HP / LP Alarms
HP / LP alarms are those, which can be reported by a Add-Drop Multiplexer, having HO / HO & LO object (LO object => LO cross-connect) (who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU Pointers plus at least interpreting HOPOH(s) / opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU Pointers, HOPOH(s), TU Pointers plus at least interpreting LOPOH(s) depending upon cross-connect configuration) J1

H1, H2, H3 AU Pointer bytes

Note 1: Same as before Note 2: HP-Alarm is also called AU-Alarm or Alarm on AU LP-Alarm is also called TU-Alarm

HP-AIS reported based on H1, H2 bytes

B3

HP-LOP (Loss of Pointer) based on H1, H2 bytes C2 HP-UNEQ (unequipped) based on C2 byte HP-TIM based on J1 byte HP-SF based on B3 byte HP-SD based on B3 byte HP-RDI based on G1 byte -- bit 5

G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

H O P O H b y t e s

or Alarm on TU

HP / LP Alarms (contd.)

LP-AIS reported based on V1, V2 bytes LP-LOP based on V1, V2 bytes

Note 1: Same as before Note 2: Whole of this slide assumes TU2/TU12/TU11 for LP. If there is TU3 with AU4 mapping, then also it is LP but Pointers & POH

LOM (Loss of Multiframe) based on H4 byte bits 7,8 HP-PLM / SLM (Payload / Signal Label Mismatch) based on C2 byte

bytes will be like HO

LOPOH bytes LP-UNEQ based on V5 byte bits 5,6,7

V1, V2, V3 TU Pointer bytes

V5 J2 N2 K4

LP-TIM based on J2 byte

LP-SF based on V5 byte bits 1,2 LP-SD based on V5 byte bits 1,2

LP-RDI based on V5 byte -- bit 8

LP-PLM / SLM based on V5 byte bits 5,6,7

Thanks