Professional Documents
Culture Documents
systolic (= max press reached) = 110-130 mmHg. diastolic (= min press reached) = 70-90 mmHg.
BP depends on:
Regulation of ABP:
Maintaining B.P. is important to ensure a steady
medulla oblongata:
1. Vasomotor Center (V.M.C.), or (pressor area): Sympathetic fibers. 2. Cardiac Inhibitory Center (C.I.C.), or (depressor area): Parasympathetic fibers (vagus).
Concerned by controlling CO (SV, HR), & PR. Concerned mainly by regulating the blood volume.
Regulation of CO:
A fast acting mechanism. CO regulation depends on the regulation of:
a. Stroke volume, & b. Heart rate
Stretch
Frank - Starling
2. Extrinsic.
3. Paracrine.
1. Baroreceptors reflex:
Baroreceptors are receptors found in carotid sinus & aortic arch. Are stimulated by changes in BP.
BP + Baroreceptors
= V.M.C
= Sympathetic
++ C.I.C
+ Parasympathetic
2. Chemoreceptors reflex:
Chemoreceptors are receptors found in carotid &
aortic bodies. Are stimulated by chemical changes in blood mainly hypoxia ( O2), hypercapnia ( CO2), & pH changes.
Haemorrhage
BP
Hypoxia
++ V.M.C
+ Sympathetic
+ Adrenal medulla
+ Chemoreceptors
= C.I.C
= Parasympathetic
HR
3. Pulmonary receptors:
Lung inflation vasoconstriction.
4. Hormonal Agents:
NA vasoconstriction. A vasoconstriction Angiotensin II vasoconstriction. Vasopressin vasoconstriction.
1. Renin-Angiotensin System:
Most important mechanism for Na+ retention in order to maintain the blood volume. Any drop of renal blood flow &/or Na+, will stimulate volume receptors found in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys to secrete Renin which will act on the Angiotensin System leading to production of aldosterone.
Renin-Angiotensin System:
renal blood flow &/or Na+ ++ Juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys (considered volume receptors) Renin Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I
(Lungs) Converting enzymes
Angiotensin III
(powerful vasoconstrictor)
Angiotensin II
(powerful vasoconstrictor) Adrenal cortex
Corticosterone