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LEADERSHIP: INDIVIDUAL

DIFFERENCES AND
TRAITS

LEADERSHIP AND EFFECTIVE


MANAGEMENT
WEEK THREE
Nature and Nurture: The Determinants
of Individual Characteristics

Nature Individual Nurture


Biological heritage Characteristics Life experiences
Variables Influencing
Leadership Style and Behavior
• Abilities and Skills
• Values and Ethics
• Personality
Abilities and Skills

Innate Learned
- Spatial Orientation - Using a keyboard
- Hand-Eye Coordination - Operating equipment
- Numerical facility - Driving an automobile
Sample of Intellectual Ability
Ability Description

1. Number Aptitude Ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic


computations
Ability to understand what is read or heard and
2. Verbal comprehension
the relations;hip of words to each other

3. Perceptual Speed
Ability to visually identify similarities and
differences quickly and accurately
4. Inductive Reasoning Ability to identify a logical sequence in a
problem and then solve the problem
Components of Emotional Intelligence
Component Description

1. Self-awareness Being aware of and in touch with your own


feelings and emotions

2. Managing emotions Being able to manage various emotions and


moods without denying or suppressing them

3. Self-motivation Being able to remain positive and optimistic

4. Empathy for others Being able to read others’ emotions accurately


and putting yourself in their place
Have the skills to build and maintain positive
5. Interpersonal skills relationships with others
Creative Leaders
• Four Characteristics

– Perseverance in the face of obstacles; self-


confidence
– Willingness to take risks
– Willingness to grow; openness to experience
– Tolerance of ambiguity
Leadership Skills

• Technical Skills
• Interpersonal Skills
• Conceptual Skills
The Importance of Managerial
Skills by Level

Top Managers

Middle Managers

First-Line Managers

Technical Human Conceptual


Rokeach Value Survey
• Terminal Values
– Desirable “End States” of Existence
– Goals that a Person Would Like to Achieve
or See in a Lifetime
• Instrumental Values
– Preferable Modes of Behavior
– Means of Achieving a Person’s Terminal
Values
Instrumental and Terminal
Values
Instrumental Values

Honesty Ambition Responsibility


Forgiving Nature Open-mindedness Courage
Helpfulness Cleanliness Competence
Self-Control Affection / Love Cheerfulness
Independence Politeness Intelligence
Obedience Rationality Imagination
Instrumental and Terminal
Values
Terminal Values

World peace Family security Freedom


Happiness Self-respect Wisdom
Equality Salvation Prosperity
Achievement Friendship National security
Inner peace Mature love Social respect
Beauty in art/nature Pleasure Exciting, active life
Country Clusters Based on
Cultural Values
Greece
Nordic
Near Denmark
Eastern Finland
Kuwait Norway
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Germanic
Sweden
Iran Austria
Arab Oman Germany
United Arab Emirates Switzerland
Singapore Malaysia Taiwan U.K. New Australia
Far Eastern Zealand
Independent Peru France Anglo
Philippines
United States
India Hong Kong Belgium
Mexico
Canada
Israel Latin
Latin European
Japan American Spain
Argentina Italy
Brazil
Personality Defined

A relatively stable set of feelings and


behaviors that have been significantly formed
by genetic and environmental factors.
The Big Five Personality Model

• Extroversion
– Refers to the tendency to be sociable,
friendly, and expressive.
• Emotional Stability
– Refers to the tendency to experience positive
emotional states.
• Agreeableness
– Being courteous, forgiving, tolerant,
trusting, and soft-hearted.
The Big Five Personality Model

• Conscientiousness
– Is exhibited by those who are described
as dependable, organized, and
responsible.
• Openness to Experience
– Reflects the extent to which an
individual has broad interests and is
willing to be a risk-taker.
The Big 5 Model
Extraversion Job performance in sales
and marketing
Agreeableness Relationship unclear
Conscientiousness Job performance

Emotional stability Not related to job


performance
Openness to
experience Training proficiency
The Impact of Personality
Traits on Leadership

Locus of Control Machiavellianism

Type A Meyers Briggs Type


Indicator (MBTI)

Self-Monitoring
Derailed Leadership
• They used a bullying style viewed as
intimidating, insensitive, & abrasive
• They were viewed a being cold, aloof, &
arrogant.
• They betrayed personal trust.
• They were self-centered & viewed as overly
ambitious & thinking of the next job.
• They had specific performance problems with
the business.
• They micro-managed, unable to delegate or build
a team.

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