CHAPTER 5

NOZZLE

NOZZLE
the expense of pressure.

INTRODUCTION.

A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at

Example: a nozzle used at the end of a garden hose

DIFFUSER
by slowing it down.

INTRODUCTION.

A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid

Several types of pumps operate by using shaft work to

turn an impeller which will increase the kinetic energy of

the fluid, followed by a diffuser that converts some of the kinetic energy to an increased pressure.

SKETCH

TYPES & SHAPES OF NOZZLE

The convergent nozzle The cross-section converges from the entry area to a minimum area which is the exit.

TYPES & SHAPES OF NOZZLE

Convergent divergent nozzle It can be seen from the inlet area the nozzle converges to a minimum area called the throat and then to the outlet area.

Universal Gases Law

Usually, the universal gases used at two point of one streamline.

But, in practice, there was nearly none of gases rigidly follow this rule. So, an imaginary situation ideal situation that obey this rule was found and it called as,

Perfect Gases Law

Where R - gas constant. (kJ/KgK)
The equation can be modified as Where m mass (kg) To use this equation make sure V is volume (m3) NOT specific volume (m3/kg). For kilogram-mole derivation, for m, m = nM Where M - molecular weight n number of moles

And the equation become An another perfect gas law derivation as follow,

Specific Heat Cp = specific heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ/kgK) Cv = specific heat capacity at constant volume (kJ/kgK) The sum of heat energy must be supplied to raise 1 K temperature at constant pressure/volume.

Perfect Gas Constant R = Cp - Cv Where R0 = 8314 kJ/kmolK standard

Specific Heat Ratio

Cp Cv

Note that since Cp - Cv= R, from equation, it is clear that Cp must be greater than Cv for any perfect gas.

Adiabatic Process (Q=0)

There was no heat transfer from nozzle to outside, so the

nozzle facing adiabatic process. Thus, the universal gas law becomes

The above equation is applied to states 1 & 2

Sub-Sonic, Sonic and Supersonic

The velocity at the throat of a correctly designed nozzle is

the velocity of sound. The flow-up to the throat is subsonic while the flow after the throat is supersonic. It should be noted that a sonic or supersonic flow requires a diverging duct to accelerate it.

 In the same way, for a nozzle that is convergent, the fluid

will attain sonic velocity at the exit if the pressure drop across the nozzle is large enough.
To find sonic velocity at the throat,

Where Tc Throat temperature.

Enthalpy
The heat content of a chemical system is called the enthalpy (symbol: H)

Steady Flow Equation Nozzle is a one of various steady flow processes.

Where

Q heat received or rejected W external work done gZ potential energy u internal energy PV - flow or displacement energy C2/2 kinetic energy

Enthalpy
Apply u = h +PV, the equation become, For most nozzle problem, Q = 0 there was no heat produce by the nozzle W = 0 there was no moving part inside a nozzle gZ = 0 if there was no high different between inlet and outlet. So, the equation become

continue.

Nozzle Velocity
Assuming point 1 is inlet and point 2 is outlet. Velocity at

point 1 is negligible because it to small rather than velocity at point 2, and the previous steady flow equation become

Mach Number
In case of venturi meter (convergent-divergent nozzle),

Mach number is a ratio between local velocity and sonic velocity (at throat)

Critical Point
The throat of venturi meter is critical point. Besides the

velocity; pressure and temperature at this point also decent as critical.

The critical temperature ratio given as

And critical pressure ratio given as

Where subscript 1 - inlet of meter venturi.

Maximum Mass Flow Rate and Cross-sectional Area

This equation can use at any point of venturi meter. It also

can use at two point at one streamline.

EXAMPLE 1
A fluid at 6.9 bar and 93C enters a convergent nozzle

with negligible velocity, and expands isentropically into a space at 3.6 bar. Calculate the outlet temperature and mass flow per m2 of exit area. (a) when the fluids is helium (Cp=5.23 kJ/kgK) (b) when the fluid is ethane (Cp=1.66 kJ/kgK) Assume that both helium and ethane are perfect gases, and the respective molecular weights as 4 and 30.