EXERCISE-1

1 c
w
= 3.0 10-6 / psi c
f
= 8.6 10-6 / psi S
wc
= .20
p
i
= 4000 psi B
oi
= 1.2417 rb/stb
p
b
= 3330 psi B
ob
= 1.2511 rb/stb
To maintain pressure at 2700 psia the
total underground withdrawal at the
producing end of a reservoir block
must equal the water injection rate at
the injection end of the block.
The total withdrawal associated with
one STB of oil is:
Bo + (R Rs)Bg rb
SOLUTION
AS, Bo + (R Rs)Bg rb
Evaluating at 2700 psia, using the PVT
data
1.2022 + (3000 401) 0.00107 = 4.0 rb
Thus to produce 10,000 stb/d oil, an
initial injection rate of 40,000 rb/d of
water will be required,
If the injection had been started at, or
above bubble point pressure, a maximum
injection rate of only 12,500 b/d of water
would have been required.
GO TO SLIDE 23
Example
Example reservoir is under consideration for a waterflood project. The
volumetric calculations of the field indicate that the areal extent of the
field is 1612.6 acres. The field is characterized by the following
properties:
Thickness h = 25 ft
Porosity = 15%
Initial water saturation S
wi
= 20%
Initial pressure pi = 2377 psi
Oil production N
p
as a function of reservoir pressure p are
given below:
The PVT properties of the crude oil system are tabulated below:
Assume that the water injection will commence
when the reservoir pressure declines to 1650 psi;
find the following:
Pressure that is required to dissolve the trapped
gas.
The required rate of water injection so as have
the production of 5000 bbl/dayt
Solution-Part -1
Step 1. Calculate initial oil in place N
N = 7758 A h (1 S
wi
)/B
oi
(22 MMSTB)
Step 2. Calculate remaining oil saturation at 1650 psi:


Step 3. Calculate gas saturation at 1650 psi:

Step 4. Calculate the trapped gas saturation from Equation-1, to give
S
gt
= 12.6%
Step 5. Calculate the gas solubility when all the trapped gas is dissolved in
the oil by applying Equation :


(S
o
= 0.619)
(S
g
=0.181 )
Step 6. Enter the tabulated PVT data with the new gas solubility of 814
scf/STB and find the corresponding pressure of approximately 2140 psi.
This pressure is identified as the pressure that is required to dissolve the
trapped gas.
Solution-Part -2
Step-1: Determine R
p
at 1650 psia.
=Bo + (R
p
Rs)Bg rb
=1.706 + (1050 657) x 0.00194
=2.46 rb or 2.5 rb
Step-2:Fimnd total withdrawal associated at 1650 Psia:
Thus the required rate will be 2.5 x 5000=12500bbl
Gp = RpNp
Factors important in WI pressure
maintenance and water flooding:
1 Reservoir Geometry
2.Lithology
3.Reservoir depth.
4.Porosity
5.Permeability (Magnitude and variation)
6.Fluid properties and Relative permeability
Relationship.
7.Continuity of reservoir rock properties
8.Magnitude and distribution of fluid saturations.
Remarks
These factors influence ultimate recovery,
rate of return and ultimate economics.
Therefore the process along with these
Factors must be considered collectively
To evaluate economic feasibility .Factors
Like oil price , marketing conditions,
operating expenses and availability of water
also influence the implementation of WI/
Pressure maintenance
EXERCISE-1
1
Determine the fractional oil recovery, during
depletion down to bubble point pressure
c
w
= 3.0 10-6 / psi c
f
= 8.6 10-6 / psi S
wc
= .20
p
i
= 4000 psi B
oi
= 1.2417 rb/stb
p
b
= 3330 psi B
ob
= 1.2511 rb/stb
Step-1:
average compressibility of the under saturated oil
between initial and bubble point pressure:
Step-2:
The recovery at bubble point pressure can be
calculated as:
SOLUTION
or 1.52% of the original oil in place
REMARKS
Considering that the 670 psi pressure drop
represents about 17% of the initial,
absolute pressure, the oil recovery is
extremely low. This is because the effective
compressibility is small providing the
reservoir contains just liquid oil and water.
The situation will, however, be quite
different once the pressure has fallen below
bubble point.

EXERCISE-2
Below bubble point pressure (saturated oil)
The reservoir described in exercise 1 will be
produced down to an abandonment pressure
of 900 psia. Determine
1. An expression for the recovery at
abandonment as a function of the
cumulative gas oil ratio Rp.
2. Derive an expression for the free gas
saturation in the reservoir at abandonment
pressure.
Assuming m = 0; no initial gas cap, negligible
water influx and not considering the equivalent
compressibility effect, the recovery factor at
abandonment pressure of 900 psia is given as:
SOLUTION
in which all the PVT parameters Bo, Rs and Bg
are evaluated at the abandonment pressure.
Using the given data the recovery factor can be
expressed as:
1
Liberated gas
2
EXERCISE-3
WATER INJECTION BELOW BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE
It is planned to initiate a water injection in
the reservoir whose PVT properties are
defined in table of Exercise-1. The
intention is to maintain pressure at the
level of 2700psia (p
b
= 3330 psia). If the
current producing gas oil ratio of the field
(R) is 3000 scf/stb, what will be the initial
water injection rate required to produce
10,000 stb/d of oil.
To maintain pressure at 2700 psia the total
underground withdrawal at the producing end of a
reservoir block must equal the water injection rate
at the injection end of the block.
The total withdrawal associated with 1 stb of oil
is:
Bo + (R Rs)Bg rb
Evaluating at 2700 psia, using the PVT data
1.2022 + (3000 401) 0.00107 = 4.0 rb
to produce 10,000 stb/d oil, an initial injection
rate of 40,000 rb/d of water will be required,
If the injection had been started at, or above bubble point
pressure, a maximum injection rate of only 12,500 b/d of water
would have been required.
SOLUTION
Exercise-1
It is planned to initiate water injection scheme in the
reservoir as per the PVT properties given in
The table below.
Intention is to maintain pressure at least of 2700 psia
(P
b
=3330psia)
If the current producing GOR of the field
is3000scf/stb.
Calculate what will be the initial water injection rate
required to produce 10,000stb/d of oil.
Essentiality
To maintain pressure (say 2700psi)
Total underground withdrawal rate from the producing end of a
reservoir rock must be equal to water injection rate at the injection
end.
The total withdrawal associated with each(1) rb of oil is given as:
B
o
+ ( R
p
- R
s
) B
g
rb
Exercise-2-PVT PROPERTIES
Pressure
[psia]
B
o
[[rb/stb]
R
s
[scf/stb]
B
g
[rb/scf]
4000 1.2417 510
3500 1.2480 510
3330(P
b
) 1.2511 510 0.00087
3000 1.2222 450 0.00096
2700 1.2022 401 0.00107
2400 1.1822 352 0.00119
2100 1.1633 304 0.00137
1800 1.1450 257 0.00161
1500 1.1287 214 0.00196
1200 1.1115 167 0.00249
900 1.0940 122 0.00339
600 1.0763 78 0.00519
300 1.0583 35 0.01065
Evaluating @2700psi and using the data of PVT
provided earlier.
B
o
+ ( R
p
- R
s
) B
g
rb
1.2511 +510 x 0.00087 rb
= 4.0 rb
Thus the total withdrawal associated with
each(1) rb of oil, for a pressure of 2700psia is
4rb(four times)
Therefore to produce 10,000 stb/d oil, the initial
water injection rate should be 40000rb/d
Calculations
(1) If the injection had been initiated at ,or above the
bubble point pressure, The requires injection rate for
water would have been 12500b/d.{10000x1.25(B
o
)}
(2) Since the water injection is now at a pressure lower than
P
b
a higher/additional injection rate of the order of
27500rb/d which amounts to{(27.5/40)x 100} =68.75%
70%of injection rate will be needed to displace the
liberated gas.
Observations
Application of PVT Studies
p. Bo. R p.
That yields oil recovery up to bubble point pressure
as .0189STB
OIL Recovery per unit STB of Oil (initial OIP) below
bubble point pressure.
That yields oil recovery @1700 psi= 0.027 STB
That yields oil recovery @1600psi = 0.048 STB
The oil saturation in the reservoir at this pressure S
o

=0.765
The Gas saturation in the reservoir at this pressure
S
g
= 0.035
1
2
A
B
below bubble point pressure
below bubble point pressure
PVT Studies
Differential liberation analysis of BHS @125F
Pressure
psig
B
o
bbl/STB
B
g
bbl/SCF
Solution
GOR
SCF/STB
B
t
bbl/STB
3100 1.4235 - 885 1.4235 B
oi

2800 1.4290 - 885 1.4290
2400 1.4370 - 885 1.4370
2000 1.4446 - 885 1.4446
1725 1.4509 - 885 1.4509 B
ob
1700 1.4468 0.00141 876 1.4595
1600 1.4303 0.00151 842 1.4952
1500 1.4139 0.00162 807 1.5403
1400 1.3978 0.00174 772 1.5444
P
i

P
b

Produced GOR
Example
Vital data:
(1) Initial reservoir pressure(@4300ftsubsea) 3100
(2) Bubble point pressure (@4300ftsubsea) 1725
(3) Average reservoir temperature 125F
(4) Average porosity 7.7%
(5) Average connate water 20%
(6) Critical gas saturation 10%

Example- Performance Prediction
Up to bubble point pressure, recovery is by expansion
of oil
When pressure falls from P
i
=3112 to p
b
=1725




i.e. for N=1 STB of oil, Np = 0.0189 STB
0189 . 0
4509 . 1
4235 . 1 4509 . 1
=

=
o
oi o
p
B
B B
N
N
For P > P
b
, the produced gas-oil-ratio at the surface
separator can be regarded as 885 SCF/STB, the initial
solution GOR
At P<P
b
, free gas phase develops.
Assumption: Free gas saturation is less than critical gas
saturation or gas remains immobile
ESSENTIALITIES
Average producing GOR between two consecutive
pressures P
1
(1725) and P
2
(1700)




R
ave
= 880.5 SCF/STB and
N
pb
=0.0189 (as determined earlier)
Let N
p1
to be determined
2
2 1 so so
avg
R R
R
+
=
=
885+876
2
At P=1700 psi
STEP-1 :
To calculate R
p
based on cumulative production up to P = 1700psia
STEP-2 :
To calculate Np1 using Material balance Equation
The calculation of R
p
based on cumulative
production up to P=1700 psia (on an
volume weighted basis) is:
1
1
5 . 880 085 . 0
p
p
p
N
N
R
+
=


Substituting in material balance equation
1
1
5 . 880 085 . 0
p
p
p
N
N
R
+
=
( )
g s si oi o g s p o p
B R R B B N B R R B N + = + ) ( ) ( ) ) ( (
1
( ) 03599 . 0 )
2415 . 1 00012 . 0
21164 . 0 (
1
1
1
N
N
N
N
p
p
p
=
+
+
Setting N to one and solving for N
p
results
that for each STB of initial oil in place we
produce
Np1=0.0247 STB(2.47%)
The determined R
p
is then substituted in MBE
To cont. prediction: At P= 1600 psig
Material balance envisages:
(Release of dissolved gas)
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
1 2 1
1 2 2 1 1
p p pb p pb
p p avg pb p avg pb soi
p
N N N N N
N N R N N R N R
R
+ +
+ +
=
Where SCF/STB


Therefore


From the material balance


Which means
Np2 = 0.0486 STB
for every 1 STB of initial OIP
859
2
842 876
2
=
+
=
avg
R
2
2
859 6161 . 0
p
p
p
N
N
R
+
=
( ) 07173 . 0 )
297 . 1 00093 . 0
1589 . 0 (
2
2
2
N
N
N
N
p
p
p
=
+
+
The oil saturation in the reservoir at this
pressure:




Oil Saturation:

Gas Saturation:
765 . 0
) 1 (
) ( ) (
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|

=

=
wc
oi
o p o p
o
S
B N
B N N
PV
B N N
S
765 . 0 =
o
S
035 . 0 765 . 0 1 = =
wc g
S S
Rapid
Decline
Down to Pb
Flat
Curve
due to
Gas
Expan.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
The said reservoir has an areal extent of 40 acres and the
net formation thickness is 200 feet :




If the reservoir is produced at 92 BOPD, time to produce
11.35%(refer graph) of initial reserves :
MMSTB 69 . 2
4235 . 1
) 2 . 0 1 ( 077 . 0 200 7758 40
=

= N
years 08 . 9
365 92
1135 . 0 10 69 . 2
6
=

= t
Constant x, Axxh(1-S
wi
)
B
oi

N =
For pressure drop from 3112 psig to 1725 psig:
(up to bubble point)





(compared to 0.0189 without compressibility)
Performance Prediction
with compressibility effects
Additional data required/given
c
w
= 3 x 10
-6
psi-1
c
f
= 5 x 10
-6
psi-1
5 1
1.39 10
o oi
o
oi
B B
c psi
B p

= =
A
STEP-1:
CalculateC
o

( )
0284 . 0
) 1 (
=

A + +
=
o wc
oi wc w f o o p
B S
p B S c c S c
N
N
STEP-2: Apply
MBE
When pressure drops to 1700 psig, we have
already seen that :


Substituting in material balance relationship


Recovery@1700psig
1
1
5 . 880 085 . 0
p
p
p
N
N
R
+
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
+
= +
p
S
S c c
B
B R R B B
B N B R R B N
wc
wc w f
oi
g s si oi o
oi g s p o p
) 1 (
) ( ) (
) ) ( (
1
Applying MBE
3112 1700
i
p p p A = =
=1412
Substituting numbers :



Which means Np1 = 0.034 STB for every STB of
initial oil in place

(compared to 0.024 STB without
compressibility effects)
( ) 05 . 0 )
2415 . 1 00012 . 0
21164 . 0 (
1
1
1
N
N
N
N
p
p
p
=
+
+
Let p
wf
represent the maintained bottom-hole
flowing pressure at the wellbore radius r
w
and pe
denote the external pressure at the external or
drainage radius, Darcys equation as described
can be used to determine the flow rate at any
radius r is
Radial flow model
described by Darcys equation
At any point in the reservoir the
cross-sectional area across which
flow occurs will be the surface area of
a cylinder,
which is 2rh or
Minus sign is no longer required for the
radial system as the radius increases in
the same direction as the pressure.
The flow rate for a crude oil system is customarily
expressed in surface units, i.e., stock-tank barrels
(STB), rather than reservoir units.
Using the symbol Q
o
to represent the oil flow as
expressed in STB/day, then:


The flow rate in Darcys equation can be expressed in
STB/day to give:
q = B
o
Q
o
where B
o
is the oil formation volume factor bbl/STB
Integrating the above equation between two radii, r
1

and r
2
, when the pressures are p
1
and p
2
yields:

For incompressible system in a uniform formation :

On integration it yields :
If the two radii of interest are the wellbore radius r
w

and the external or drainage radius r
e
.




As the external (drainage) radius r
e
is usually
determined from the well spacing by equating the
area of the well spacing with that of a circle, i.e. r
2
e

= 43,560 A



Then
where A is the well spacing in acres
Neither the external radius nor the wellbore radius is generally known with precision.
Fortunately, they enter the equation as a logarithm, so that the error in the equation
will be less than the errors in the radii.
Pressure Oil Flow Rate
The equation:



May be given as:



The equation is used calculate the pressure profile
(distribution) and list the pressure drop across various
intervals
Where:
Example
An oil well is producing at a stabilized rate of 600 STB/day
at a stabilized bottom-hole flowing pressure of 1800 psi.
The pay zone is characterized by a permeability of 120 md
and a uniform thickness of 25ft.
The well drains an area of approximately 40 acres.
Calculate the pressure profile (distribution) and list the
pressure drop across 1 ft intervals from r
w
to 1.25 ft, 4 to
5 ft, 19 to 20 ft, 99 to 100 ft, and
744 to 745 ft.
The following additional data is available:
r
w
= 0.25 ft A = 40 acres
B
o
= 1.25 bbl/STB
o
= 2.5 cp
solution
As
In the present case:
Rearrange and solve for pressure p at radius r
STEP -1
STEP -2
Calculate the pressure at the specified
Pressure profile around the wellbore.
OIL SATURATION
or
If the reservoir has produced N
p
stock-tank barrels of oil, the
remaining oil volume is given by:
remaining oil volume = (N N
p
) B
o
or
Therefore
GAS SATURATION
S
g
= 1 S
o
S
wi
Example
Calculate the initial gas in place and the initial
reserve of a gas reservoir from the pressure
production data for a volumetric reservoir.
Initial Pressure=3250 psia
Reservoir Temperature=213F
Standard Pressure=15.025 psia
Standard Temperature=60F
Cumulative production= 1.00 x 10
9
SCF
Average reservoir pressure=2864 psia
Abandonment pressure = 500 psia
Gas deviation Factor at 3250 psia= 0.910
Gas deviation Factor at 2864 psia= 0.888
Gas deviation Factor at 500 psia = 0.951
STEP-1
Calculate reservoir gas pore volume V
i
(using cum gas/
production and pressure details)




{( 15.025 x 1.00 x 10
9
x )/520}
= {(3250 x V
i
)/(0.910 x673)} {(2864 x V
i
)/(0.888 x
673)}
= 56.17 MM Cu ft
STEP-2
Calculate the initial gas in place G (at initial pressure)
G= (p
i
V
i
/ z
i
T ) x (T
sc
/ p
sc
) = (p
i
V
i
T
sc
/ z
i
T p
sc
)
=(3250 x 56.17 x 10
6
x 520) / (0.910 x 673 x 15.025)
= 10.32 MMM SCF
STEP 3
Calculate gas remaining at500psia (Aband. Pressure)
G
a
= (p
a
V
i
/ z
a
T ) x (T
sc
/ p
sc
)
=(500 x 56.17 x 10
6
x 520) / (0.951 x 673 x 15.025)
= 1.52 MMM SCF
As initial gas reserves based on a 500 psia
(Aband. Pressure) is the difference between
the initial gas in place and the gas remaining at
500 psia . Therefore gas reserve may be given
as
G
r
= G G
a

=

(10.32 1 52) x 10
9

= 8.80 MMM SCF
Example
Calculate the total daily gas production including the
water and condensate using the given data:
Daily separator Gas Production =3.25 MM SCF
Daily Stock Tank Condensate =53.2 STB
Daily Stock Tank Gas =10 M SCF
Daily Fresh Water Production =5.5 bbl*
Initial reservoir Pressure =4000 psia
Current Reservoir Pressure =1500 psia
Reservoir Temperature =220 F
Condensate Gravity = 55 API
(0.759 sp.gr.)
Use the Mol. Wt.(M
o
) as 124 also Consider only 40%
water as Produced water.
(only 60% water need to be converted to gas equivalent)
solution
1
Gas Equivalent = 53.2 x 133000 x 0.759/124
= 43,000 SCF
2
Gas Equivalent (water)= 3.25 x 7390
= 24000 SCF
3
Daily Stock tank gas = 10 M SCF
The Daily Gas Production ( G
P
)
G
P = 3250.0 M +10.0 M + 43.0 M + 24.0 M
= 3.327 MM SCF



If the standard conditions are 14.7 psia and 520R and the gas
constant,R,10.73:then the gas equivalent for water produced as
condensate is: 7390 scf/stb of water
Daily Stock Tank Condensate =53.2 STB(Given)