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DEFINATION
A radio signal flow out in different directions as it radiates away from the broadcast Antenna. The transmission medium is the radio channel b/w Tx and Rx for wireless communication. Signal can get from the transmitter to the receiver through a number of different propagation paths. Signal diffracted by different interacting objects (Ios) in the environments. i.e. house,windows,wall,mountains,trees.
MULTIPATH PROPAGATION
Reflection it is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface b/w two different medium. Diffraction it pattern of red laser beam made on a plate after passing a small circular hole in other plate, it refer to various phenomena which occurs when signal encounters a surface. Scattering occurs when incoming signal hits an object ,may also refer to particle-particle collision b/w moleculer,atom,electron,photon etc.
MULTIPATH PROPAGATION
FADING
The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly non-LOS. The LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver is affected by terrain and obstructed by buildings and other objects.
TYPES OF FADING
PROPAGATION MODES
Ground-wave
contour of the earth Can Propagate considerable distances Frequencies up to 2 MHz Example AM radio
LINE-OF-SIGHT PROPAGATION
LINE-OF-SIGHT PROPAGATION
communication signal above 30 MHz not reflected by ionosphere communication electro-magnetic waves travelling in a straight line
Ground
LINE-OF-SIGHT EQUATIONS
d 3.57 h
d 3.57 h
d
= distance between antenna and horizon (km) h = antenna height (m) K = adjustment factor to account for refraction, rule of thumb K = 4/3
LINE-OF-SIGHT EQUATIONS
3.57 h1 h2
h 1