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IN THE ERA OF

RESEARCH
Presented to Dr. V. D. Nayak
VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY

Presented by- Jilpa D. Patwa


Sir K. P. College of commerce, Surat
M.phil.08-09
Roll no.10
Date: 23 may, 2009
---
RESEARCH----
AN
PRESENTATION OBJECTIVES
 To understand the nature of the research
 To know the importance and need or utilities of the
research
 To come in touch with the TERMS used
 To get a clear thought about the various types of
research
CONTENTS
 Background
 Introduction
 Objectives
 Motivation
 Terms used
• Research techniques – methods
• So called difference
• Understanding specific meaning
• Scientific method
• Research methodology
• Different types of methodology
 Types of research
 Types of approaches
 Qualities of good research
 Research process
 Conclusion
 References
BACKGROUND
 Man has main three tools which can help him coming to grip his
environment and understand the nature :

EXPERIENCE- Body of knowledge and skills derived from encounters

& acquaintance with facts and events in his


environment
REASONING - Deductive (Aristotle) –From whole to part
- Inductive (Francis Bacon) –From number of
observations
- Combined
RESEARCH -- Combination of both experience & reasoning
- Most successful approach to the discovery of truth
- More scientific, systematic, controlled, empirical and
self-
correcting
INTRODUCTION
Research – a process of production of the knowledge
 Application of human intelligence in a systematic way.
 A voyage of discovery, a journey, an experience, a method of
critical thinking, a careful inquiry in seeking facts for principles.
 A systematic and chronological efforts of finding out a more
appropriate solution to the problem or to gain knowledge.
 An art of scientific investigation.
• Pertinent information on a specific topic.
• Process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems
through planned and systematic collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
 Systemized efforts to gain knew knowledge - a movement from
known to the unknown
• Through objective, systematic and scientific methods of finding
solutions to a problem.
• Implicit question + explicit answer + data to answer
OBJECTIVES
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon----To achieve new insight
------
• exploratory studies
 To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group----
• Descriptive studies
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with
which it is associated with something else----
• Diagnostic studies
 To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables----
• Hypothesis testing or experimental studies
MOTIVATION
 To get a degree
 To get respectability
 To get intellectual joy of doing creative work
 To face a challenge
 To solve unsolved problems
 To serve the society
• By increasing the standard of living

• By showing the right path to society


TERM USED

TERM USED
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES – METHODS
Techniques :
 Behaviour and instruments used in research operations
 Examples:
• Scales, recording techniques, longitudinal / cross sectional
collection of data, etc.

Methods :
 Behavior and instruments used in selecting and constructing
technique
 Examples:
• Observation, questionnaire, interview, [a range of approaches
used to gather data]
• case study, etc.
SO CALLED DEFERENCE
 Methods are more general than techniques.
 Methods & Techniques are used in performing research
operations, i.e..,
• Collection of data

• Statistical processing & analysis (tests)

• To evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained


 It is the method, that generate techniques
UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC MEANING
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 The method of logically trained minds
 The pursuit of truth as determined by logical
considerations
 Classifies facts, sees their mutual relation through
experimentation, observation, logical arguments from
accepted postulates
 Tenets of scientific faith
1.DETERMINISM:Events have causes that events are
determined by other circumstances (i.e.. Causal links can
eventually be uncovered and understood)
2.EMPIRICISM:Verifiable by observation and ‘evidence’
(data)
3.PRINCIPLES OF PARSIMONY: Phenomenon should be
explained in the most economical way possible
4.GENERALITY:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 A science of studying how research is done scientifically
 Concerns with logic behind the adoption of various steps to solve
the problem in a systematic way
 Helps to understand not only the products of scientific inquiry but
the process itself
 Aims to describe and analyze methods, throw light on their
limitations and resources, clarify their presuppositions and
consequences, relating their potentialities
 It is the knowledge about not only how to apply particular
methods and techniques but also which of them are relevant
and which are not, and what would they mean and indicate and
why
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHODOLOGIES
 QUALITATIVE

 Based on the behavioral science generally using diagnostic analysis

 Emphasis on non-numerical data & oriented towards case study

 Use an inductive approach [theory should be grounded in the day to day


realities, concerns with theory formulation]

 Involves the generation of data in qualitative form

 Applicable to the phenomena where expression in the quantity is not possible

 E.g. motivation research, attitude or opinion research

 QUANTITATIVE
 Based on the measurement of quantity or amount
TYPES OF RESEARCH

TYPES OF RESEARCH
 BASIC RESEARCH

 Concerned with generalization and formulation of the theory

 Knowledge for knowledge’s shake, possess diagnostic outlook

 Based on theoretical abstraction

 Broad based, developing principles and theory

 Long term and time assuming need huge financial outlay

 More scholastic knowledge and efforts required

 APPLIED RESEARCH

 Finding a solution for an immediate problem

 Can be problem solving


 CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH
 Related to some abstract idea or theory

 Like basic or theoretical research

 To develop new concept or to reinterpret existing one

 Relatively less control

 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
 Relays on experience or observation
OTHER TYPES
1. Cross sectional- One time v/s Longitudinal-
Developmental & Trend or prediction studies (the
time domain)
2. Field setting v/s Lab / Simulation research
3. Clinical v/s diagnostic studies
4. Exploratory v/s Formulated (the degree of formulation
of the problem) studies
5. Historical studies (Greater part of it is quantitative)
6. Content Analysis (one such quantitative method –a
multipurpose method developed specifically for
investigating a broad spectrum of problems in which
the contents of communication serve as a basis of
inference. Example: word usage rates, word counts,
etc.
7. Correlational research
8. Conclusion oriented or decision oriented research
TYPES OF APPROACHES
 DESCRIPTIVE

 To describe the state of affairs or characteristics of the problem

 No control over variables as not knowing the full details about them

 Only to report what has happened or happening or to understand


the nature of the variable
E g. Ex post facto research

 ANALYTICAL

 To analyze the fact or the information available


QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH
1.SYSTEMATIC-Reject the use of guessing & intuition, but does not
rule out creative thinking
2.CONTROLLED–Variables are identified & controlled, wherever
possible
3.LOGICAL-Guided by rules of logical reasoning & logical process of
induction & deduction
4.EMPIRICAL-Provides a basis for external validity to results
(validation)
5.REPLICABLE-Verified by replicating the study
6.SELF CORRECTING-Built in mechanism & open to public scrutiny
by fellow professionals
RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Selection & formulation of Research Problem
2. Literature survey
3. Development of working hypotheses
4. Research design
5. Sampling strategy or sample design
6. Pilot (quick & dirty) study
7. Data collection
8. Processing & analysis of data
9. Testing hypotheses
10.Interpretation & generalization
11.Preparation of the report
CONCLUSION
 Research is a careful investigation or inquiry specially
through search for new facts in any branch of
knowledge.
 The obvious function of research is to add new
knowledge to the exiting store
 Its role in human-life is as important as that of salt in a
recipe.
REFERENCES
 C.R.KOTHARI, research methodology – methods and technique,
wishwa prakashan new delhi,2002.
 WILLIAM ZIKMUND, business research methods, Oklahoma state
university, 2007
 S.MOHAN, R.ELANGOVAN, research methodology in commerce,
deep & deep publication pvt.ltd. New Delhi, 2007
 G. C. BERI, Marketing research, Tata McGraw hill publishing , new
Delhi, 2000.
 SANJAY NARULA, research methodology,
 JOHN BRALTON, MILITZA CALLINAN, CAROLYN FORSHAW, PETER
SAWCHUK, work and organizational behaviour, Palgrave
Macmillan, 2007
 A document on Research Methodology by M S Sridhar Head,
Library & Documentation ISRO Satellite Centre Bangalore
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