Introduction to Computer

System Organization and

Number Systems
Objectives

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 At the end of the session, the student is expected
to:
 Have an overview of the structured computer
organization
 Identify the number system and its different bases
 Develop good computation skills in different number
base conversions
 Appreciate the importance of number systems in
relation to computers and its applications
 Distinguish the different processes of performing
diverse arithmetic operations on various number
systems
 Add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers following
the standard steps 2
 Develop an attitude of handling numbers and its
mathematical operations in detail
Structured Computer Organization

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Program – sequence of instructions describing
how to perform a certain task
 Machine language – a language into which it is
possible for people to communicate with the
computer

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Think about this..

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 There is a large gap between what is
convenient to people and what is convenient
for computers...
 People want to do X but computer can only do
Y.
 How must the communication be done
between the two?

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Remedy

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 To design a new set of instructions that is
more convenient for people to use than the
set of built-in machine instructions (L0 and L1)
Translation – the technique of replacing L1 by an
equivalent L0 instruction first then allowing the
computer to execute the new program with
entirely L0 instructions
Interpretation – write a program in L0 that takes
programs in L1 as input data and carries them out
by examining each instruction in turn and
executing the equivalent sequence of L0
instructions directly
 Interpreter – the program that carries it out
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Virtual Machines

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Virtual Machine – a hypothetical computer

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Contemporary Multilevel Machines

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Device level – level below level 0 wherein the
designer sees individual transistors, which are
the lowest-level primitives for computer
designers.

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Contemporary Multilevel Machines

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Digital Logic Level – it is composed of gates
which can form a 1-bit memory. These
memories can be combined to form groups of
16,32,64 to form REGISTERS. Each register
can hold a single binary number
 Microarchitectural Level – a collection of 8-32
registers that form a local memory and an ALU
that is capable of performing simple
arithmetic operations. The registers are
connected to the ALU to form DATA PATH.
Microprogram – program that controls the
operation of the data path
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Contemporary Multilevel Machines

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
 Operating System Machine Level – set of
instruction are in ISA level but there is a set of
new instructions, different memory
organization, ability to run 2 or more programs
concurrently

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Difference b/w levels 0-3 and 4-5

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

Assembler – programs that perform the translation from
assembly language to level 1, 2, or 3.

Compiler – it translates programs written in BASIC, C, C++,

Java, LISP and Prolog to level 3 or 4

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THE EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
• Early computers were programmed in machine
language.

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

Suppose we want to represent the equation
wages = rate · hours
to calculate the weekly wages in machine language.

If 100100 stands for load, 100110 stands for

multiplication and 100010 stands for store, then the
following sequence of instructions might be needed
to calculate the weekly wages.

100100 0000 010001

100110 0000 010010
100010 0000 010011
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 08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE
Assembly languages - an instruction in
assembly language is an easy-to-remember
form called a mnemonic.

Using the assembly language instructions, the equation to

calculate the weekly wages can be written as follows:
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages
Assembler: An assembler is a program that translates a 12
program written in assembly language into an equivalent
program in machine language.
High level languages- Basic, FORTRAN,
COBOL, Pascal, C++, C

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

In order to calculate the weekly wages, the equation

wages = rate · hours

in C++, can be written as follows:

wages = rate * hours;

Compiler: A compiler is a program that translates a

program written in a high level language to an
equivalent machine language. 13
Number System

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 It is a way of counting things and identifying
the quantity of something.

 Base – it is also called as the radix

It refers to the number of digits in a number
system

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Commonly Used Bases of number
Systems in Assembly Language

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Decimal Number System – the term decimal
comes from the latin word “decem” which
means TEN.
 Binary Number System – the term binary
comes form the latin word meaning two at a
time
 Hexadecimal Number System – the term
hexadecimal comes from the greek word
“hexa” meaning six and “decem” meaning 10.
So, it has a base 16.

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08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE
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Conversion Of Number Systems

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Decimal-to-binary Conversion – it requires
successive division by two
Divide the number by 2
Multiply the quotient by 2
Get the remainder
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
Divide the number by 16
Multiply the quotient by 16
Get the remainder

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Conversion of Number Systems

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Binary-to-decimal conversion
Positional notation by powers of 2
 Binary-to-hexadecimal conversion
 Hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion
Positional notation by powers of 16
 Hexadecimal-to-binary conversion
Memory method

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 08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE
19
Convert
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Convert
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Convert
Arithmetic Operations on Number
Systems

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Addition - combines two numbers, the augend
and the addend, into a single number called
the sum
Decimal
Binary
Hexadecimal
 Add starting from the rightmost digit
 If the result is greater than 15, subtract 16 from the

result ( you’ll subtract 16 because hexadecimal is a

base-16 number system.
 Count the number of times you subtract 16 and that will

be the value of the carry over

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Arithmetic Operations on Number
Systems

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Subtraction: a = b – c; where a is the
difference, b is the minuend and c is the
subtrahend
Decimal
Binary
 Subtract starting from the rightmost digit
 If the minuend is less than the subtrahend, borrow one

unit from the left digit which is equivalent to 2.

Hexadecimal
 Subtract starting from the rightmost digit
 Subtract the digits in the next place value. If the

minuend is less than the subtrahend, borrow one unit

from the left digit and that 1 unit is equal to 16
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Arithmetic Operations on Number
Systems

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Multiplication
Decimal
Binary
Hexadecimal
 Use the hexadecimal multiplication table

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08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE
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Arithmetic Operations on Number
Systems

08/06/09 by: Karla Louissa Marie A. Dar, CpE

 Division
Decimal
Binary
Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal division is complicated to do manually
 Recommendation:

 Convert the dividend and the divisor into its decimal

equivalent
 After converting, divide the numbers in decimal way

 Convert the quotient and the remainder into its

hexadecimal equivalent.

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