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System
A quantity of matter or region in space chosen for study
Surroundings
The matter or region outside the system
Boundary
The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings
System
Open System
Closed System
No mass transfer across the boundary of the system, energy transfer is possible
Isolated system
Thermodynamic Properties
Every system has certain characterestics by which its physical condition may be described They are macroscopic in nature Properties are co-ordinates to describe the state of the system
Thermodynamic State When all the properties need to describe the condition of the system, have defenite values, the system is said to exist in defenite state
Path
The succession of state passed through, during a change of state is called path
Process
When the path is completely specified, the change of state is called process
Thermodynamic Cycle
A series of state changes such that, the final state is identical with initial state
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system is said to be exist in thermodynamic equilibrium, when no change in any macroscopic property is registered, if the system is isolated from its surroundings
Mechanical equilibrium
If there is no unbalanced force within the system itself and also b/w system & surroundings, the system is said to be in mechanical equilibrium If an unbalanced force exists, either the system or both the system & surroundings will undergo a change of state till mechanical eqbm is attained
Chemical equilibrium
If there is no chemical reaction or transfer of matter from one part of the system to another. Such as diffusion or solution, the system is said to exist in chemical eqbm.
Thermal equilibrium
When a system is in mechanical & chemical equilibrium, is seperated from its surroundings by diathermic wall & if there no spontaneous change in any property of the system, the system is said to exist in thermal equilibrium
Temperature
It is hotness or coldness of a body
When a body brought into contact with another body, at different temperature, heat is transfered from body at higher temperature to body at lower temperature
Temperature scale
It is a way to measure temperature quantitatively Celcius scale (water) Freezing point 0 C Boiling point 100 C Kelvin scale (water) Freezing poitn 273 K Boiling point 373 K Fahrenheit scale (water) Freezing point 32 F Boling point 212 F
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Energy transfer across the boundary of the system, other than by the temperature diference
Heat (Q)
Energy transfer across the boundary of the system on account of the temperature difference Heat is a path function Heat transfered to the system (+) ve Heat transfered from the system(-) ve